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Spot the ISS Over India This Week as Astronaut Shubhanshu Shukla Orbits Earth

July 8, 2025, 7:17 pm

If you look up in the sky this week, you may spot a bright speck moving silently across the sky — it’s not a star, and it’s certainly not an airplane. It’s the International Space Station (ISS), and on board is Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla, India’s representative in space.

This is a moment of national pride for India as one of its circles the planet. Throughout the coming days, amateur sky-watchers around the nation will get a rare glimpse at the ISS with the naked eye.

Waving at the ISS won’t get you a wave in return, but seeing it is a special way to feel attached to India’s increasing aspirations in space.

How Can You Spot the ISS From Earth?

The ISS will be visible when sunlight bounces off its surface, the same way that we observe the Moon. Yet, it won’t shine brightly enough to be observable in the daylight. Your best opportunity to spot it is shortly after sunset or just before sunrise, when the sky is dark, but the station is still lit by the sun.

At this point, it looks like a steady, bright light streak across the sky. It doesn’t blink like airplanes, and it doesn’t move as quickly as a shooting star. The ISS will generally be visible for 5 to 7 minutes based on its path and your location.

No telescopes or binoculars required. Just your eyes and some planning. Many free apps make it easier.

Hear from the #Ax4 astronauts about the significance of the mission and how we are expanding access to LEO for countries to pursue their space exploration goals, leading to advancements #ForEarth. We are building era-defining space infrastructure that drives exploration and fuels… pic.twitter.com/p6rdxMqnc9

— Axiom Space (@Axiom_Space) July 7, 2025

ISS Detector indicates its current position. The NASA Spot the Station app provides sighting schedules according to where you are and even has reminders for future passes.

ISS Viewing Schedule Over India

Issued by NASA’s tracking software, the ISS will be visible from July 8 to July 12 over several Indian cities.

July 8: 4:59 am, 7:59 pm, 9:38 pm
July 9: 4:10 am, 8:48 pm
July 10: 3:22 am, 4:58 pm, 9:59 pm
July 11: 2:34 am, 4:09 am
July 12: Last pass at 7:59 pm

Viewers in Kerala and southern India can have the best view. On July 6, the ISS provided the audience with close to six and a half minutes of uninterrupted visibility from 7:56 pm.

Missed It? More Opportunities Ahead

If clouds hide your view this week, don’t worry. The ISS will be passing over India once again from July 24 to August 1. But by then, Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla might have already finished his mission and returned home.

In the meanwhile, seize the opportunity to see this orbiting lab — a shining beacon of international cooperation and India’s spaceflight aspirations — pass silently over the Indian horizon.

NASA Spots New ‘Interstellar Object’ Racing Through Solar System

July 5, 2025, 2:00 pm

Astronomers have found that there is a new ‘interstellar object’ zooming across our solar system and moving in the direction of Earth. This is only the third time an object from outside our solar system has been found passing close by.

NASA, the United States space agency, has confirmed the object dubbed 3I/ATLAS and indicated that it’s moving at a staggering rate of more than 60 kilometres per second towards the Sun. The agency believes it will leave the solar system about four months after it makes its closest approach to the Sun.

First Detected by ATLAS in June

Originally designated A11pl3Z, the object was initially discovered by the Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS) between June 25 and June 29. The system employs telescopes in Hawaii and South Africa, reports Live Science.

Later, scientists established that it came from outside of our solar system, formally designating it as an ‘interstellar’ object.

From Another Star System

The word interstellar means it originated from deep beyond the Sun’s gravitational field, probably from another star system. It’s known that this stellar visitor isn’t trapped by the orbit of the Sun and will keep traveling through the galaxy.

Scientists think 3I/ATLAS might be a comet or an asteroid. It’s estimated to be between 10 and 20 kilometres in diameter, which would make it the largest interstellar object ever discovered. But if it’s filled with ice, it may be larger than that, since ice is very reflective.

Moving at Incredible Speed

Travelling at approximately 152,000 miles per hour (245,000 km/h), it’s coming from the part of the night sky where the bar of the Milky Way can be seen.

Even though its comparatively close trajectory just beyond Mars’ orbit, there is no danger to Earth or any other planet within the solar system.

This becomes the third recorded object known to come from another star system. The first was ‘Oumuamua in 2017, which ignited a flurry of speculation but proved to be a natural rock. The second was Comet 2I/Borisov, discovered in 2019.

US Shuts Down National Climate Assessment Website Without Explanation

July 4, 2025, 3:36 pm

A prominent US government site that is home to the National Climate Assessment was suddenly pulled offline, depriving scientists, city planners, teachers, and regular citizens of access to one of the nation’s most important repositories of climate information. The portal, which featured interactive tools, maps, and locally tailored data, was a central clearinghouse for learning about how climate change impacts every region of the United States.

The website went black on Monday, and there has been no official word from the White House or applicable federal agencies. The National Climate Assessment, mandated by federal law every four years, provides comprehensive data utilized by farmers, educators, physicians, and judges in making knowledgeable wildfire defense, infrastructure vulnerability, and urban planning decisions.

Experts Alarmed as National Climate Assessment Website Disappears

Texas Tech climate scientist Katharine Hayhoe, a contributor to the report for many years, was very concerned about the shutdown of the site. “If you’re a human being in America, your life is already affected by climate change, whether you realize it or not,” she said. “The National Climate Assessment was one of the main bridges that connected those dots.”

The latest version of the report, released in 2023, described how climate change presents grave dangers to U.S. communities—dangers that cost money, kill people, and are growing more so every day. The Trump administration shelved work on the 2027 version earlier this year by reshuffling the project team and canceling contracts with third-party companies assigned to the task.

Archived Versions Hard to Access

Even though there are some archived versions of the reports available, they are difficult to use. NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) carries a simplified version of the 2023 report, but it does not have interactive features and tools. The former interactive climate atlas, a separate resource in its time, continues to be available through the mapping company Esri, but very few people are aware of where it is located.

NASA also stated it intends to host the National Climate Assessment reports in the future, but did not give a timeline. Searches on the NASA website now produce no applicable results, and both NOAA and NASA have refused to comment on the matter when contacted by the media.

Wider Rollback of Public Climate Tools

This shutdown is part of a broader public-facing climate resource rollback. NOAA recently redirected its climate.gov website without warning, and NASA and NOAA quietly removed several public outreach accounts from social media platforms.

“Evidence of a serious manipulation of the facts and of people’s ability to access information,” said Kathy Jacobs, a University of Arizona scientist who helped coordinate the 2014 assessment. “A sad day for America if it turns out the National Climate Assessment is no longer available.”

Former White House science advisor John Holdren deplored the move as “an appalling whole destruction of science infrastructure.

Jacobs seconded the view, cautioning: “Censoring science by hiding the reports is people can’t protect themselves if they don’t know what’s coming.”

NASA-Netflix Collaboration Brings Spacewalks, Launches, & ISS Feeds to Your Screen Soon

July 2, 2025, 2:02 pm

NASA-Netflix collaboration is taking off this summer with plans to stream NASA+ content directly on the OTT platform. Netflix, which reaches over 700 million users globally, will soon allow subscribers to watch live spacewalks, rocket launches, and views from the International Space Station (ISS).

Netflix confirmed that this content will be available across all subscription plans. While NASA+ already offers this content for free on its app and website, Netflix hopes to make it more accessible by integrating it into its regular streaming lineup.

Rebecca Sirmons, general manager of NASA+, shared her excitement about the move. “Our Space Act of 1958 calls on us to share our story of space exploration with the broadest possible audience,” she said. Netflix echoed that goal in a press release, stating, “We’re committed to a Golden Age of Innovation and Exploration, inspiring new generations.”

The live feeds will appear directly in the Netflix interface alongside TV shows and movies. Although the official start date hasn’t been announced yet, the rollout is expected by late summer.

We’re bringing NASA+ to @Netflix!

Starting this summer, Netflix audiences will be able to stream rocket launches, spacewalks, and other major live events on the platform. Read more about how we’re working to bring NASA’s work to a global audience: https://t.co/DtpxS9yhmc pic.twitter.com/DHI6ybxOum

— NASA (@NASA) June 30, 2025

NASA-Netflix Collaboration Coming Soon

As part of the NASA-Netflix collaboration, the platform will feature at least five major space missions this year. These include NASA’s Boeing Starliner-1, SpaceX’s Crew-11 mission, Sierra Space’s Dream Chaser, the X-59 supersonic jet, and NISAR, a joint Earth-observation satellite developed by NASA and ISRO.

Netflix confirmed that it will release full streaming schedules closer to each launch. The company also urged viewers to check its fan platform, Tudum, for regular updates.

Meanwhile, NASA emphasized that the partnership aims to bring the excitement of space exploration directly into people’s daily lives. “We want people to feel connected to our missions, whether from their couch or on their phone,” said a NASA spokesperson.

The NISAR satellite has already created excitement in India. As a collaboration between NASA and ISRO, the mission will track sea level rise, groundwater depletion, and natural disasters through advanced radar technology.

Although Netflix has not announced an official launch date, this NASA-Netflix collaboration clearly signals a major shift in how the public engages with real-time science. By delivering space content through a familiar platform, the project helps global viewers experience exploration like never before.

Indian-Origin NASA Astronaut Anil Menon to Embark on First Epic 8-Month Space Mission

July 2, 2025, 12:30 pm

NASA astronaut Anil Menon will go to space for the first time in June 2026. He will join the International Space Station as a flight engineer and be part of Expedition 75. NASA announced that he will launch on the Roscosmos Soyuz MS-29 spacecraft with two Russian cosmonauts, Pyotr Dubrov and Anna Kikina.

The crew will take off from Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan and stay on the space station for about eight months.

🚀𝐍𝐀𝐒𝐀 𝐀𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐠𝐧𝐬 𝐀𝐧𝐢𝐥 𝐌𝐞𝐧𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐨 𝐅𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 𝐒𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐞 𝐒𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐌𝐢𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧

☑️NASA astronaut Anil Menon will embark on his first mission to the International Space Station, serving as a flight engineer and Expedition 75 crew member.

☑️Menon will… pic.twitter.com/gNWt4tAJxV

— All India Radio News (@airnewsalerts) July 2, 2025

Anil Menon Prepares For First Spaceflight

During the mission, Anil Menon will work on science experiments and test new technologies that support future space travel. His work will help NASA plan longer missions in space and improve life on Earth.

Menon started working with NASA in 2021 and finished his astronaut training in 2024. Since then, he has been getting ready for his first mission, learning the skills needed to live and work in space.

He is also a trained emergency medicine doctor, mechanical engineer, and a colonel in the U.S. Space Force. Menon was born in Minneapolis to Indian and Ukrainian parents. He brings both experience and diversity to NASA’s space program.

Anil Menon’s Background and Work

Anil Menon studied neurobiology at Harvard University. He also earned a master’s degree in mechanical engineering and a medical degree from Stanford University. He completed training in emergency and aerospace medicine at Stanford and the University of Texas Medical Branch.

Before joining NASA, Menon worked as SpaceX’s first flight surgeon. He helped launch the company’s first crewed space mission, Demo-2, and helped build SpaceX’s medical team. He also supported crews flying to the space station.

Even now, Menon continues to work as an emergency doctor at Texas Medical Center and teaches medical students at the University of Texas.

NASA says his mission will help make space travel safer and more useful for everyone. The space station plays a key role in learning how to live and work in space as NASA prepares for future Moon and Mars missions under the Artemis program.

Who is Dr Kamna Shukla, Wife of NASA Astronaut Shubhanshu Shukla

June 29, 2025, 5:38 pm

Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla of the Indian Air Force recently became the first Indian to set foot on the International Space Station (ISS). Blasting off onboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket on June 25 from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida as part of Axiom Mission 4 (Ax-4), Shukla also became just the second Indian ever to venture into space, after Rakesh Sharma’s historic mission in 1984.

Prior to Shubhanshu’s flight into space, his mother, Asha Shukla, explained how her heart was full of joy and how she was the first to emphasize the key role played by her daughter-in-law. “He has all the support of our daughter-in-law. It could not have been possible without her… She has played the biggest role here,” Asha explained to the press.

About Dr Kamna Shukla

Dr Kamna Shukla, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh-based dentist, is married to Shubhanshu and has a 6-year-old son. They had their love story in primary school, and Kamna is both his lifetime partner and childhood friend.

Talking to The Times of India, Kamna remembered their childhood days, saying, “We’ve studied together since Class 3. We were initially best friends… I know him as Gunjan, as Shubhanshu— the shy, silent boy in class—who’s now become such a role model for so many.”

Their relationship stood the test of prolonged separations and lost milestones, particularly memories from their son’s early years. Kamna was aware of how much those separations hurt but was also at pains to acknowledge Shubhanshu’s consistent commitment, likening it to Arjuna’s single-mindedness from the Mahabharata.

A Message From Shubhanshu

In a moving instagram post prior to leaving on his historic mission, Shubhanshu appreciated all those who stood by him. He said, “Since we shall be leaving the earth early morning of 25 Jun, I would like to thank all those people who have been part of this mission for their encouragement and also to all the people back home for their blessings and love. A great big thank you to my family and friends who have been my rock in this venture. At times your near and dear ones make sacrifices that you yourself do not even realize, but they do it with their love for you.”

View this post on Instagram

A post shared by Shubhanshu Shukla (@gagan.shux)

He had special thanks also for his wife, stating, “Special thanks to @kamnashubha for being the amazing partner that you are. Without you, none of this was possible, but more importantly, none of this would matter. No one goes to space alone…we do so on the shoulders of so many more. I feel thankful to each and every one of you. THANK YOU.”

Shubhanshu Shukla Set to Lead Critical Docking Operation at International Space Station Today

June 26, 2025, 11:17 am

After launching successfully on June 25, the Axiom 4 mission carrying Indian Air Force Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla is now preparing to dock with the International Space Station today, June 26. SpaceX’s Falcon 9 rocket lifted the Dragon spacecraft from NASA’s Kennedy Space Centre, and it is currently approaching the ISS.

Therefore, the crew is on track to reach their destination by approximately 4:30 PM IST (7 AM EST). Once they dock, the Axiom-4 team will immediately begin their 14-day microgravity research mission.

Shubhanshu Shukla, whom his crewmates affectionately call “Shux,” plays a pivotal role in the docking procedure. As the designated pilot, he actively monitors the spacecraft’s trajectory and orbital parameters. Additionally, he evaluates the ISS’s position while Dragon executes its automated approach toward the space-facing port of the Harmony module.

Since timing and precision are critical in spaceflight, Shukla’s constant attention to detail will help ensure a safe and smooth docking process.

Axiom-4 will arrive at the International Space Station and dock with it on Thursday (June 26) at 4:30 PM IST, about 28 hours after launch! 🚀

(Assuming on-time liftoff tomorrow at 12:01 PM IST) pic.twitter.com/XlLHAYEfPQ

— ISRO Spaceflight (@ISROSpaceflight) June 24, 2025

Shubhanshu Shukla To Oversee Docking At ISS

The Axiom 4 crew features Commander Peggy Whitson (USA), Mission Specialist Sawosz Uznaski-Winiewski (Poland), Mission Specialist Tibor Kapu (Hungary), and pilot Shubhanshu Shukla from India. As the Dragon capsule steadily closes in on the ISS, Shukla handles real-time monitoring tasks and continuously ensures that all navigation systems stay within safety margins. Moreover, he contributes critical input through rapid calculations and technical assessments, which will guide the spacecraft during its final manoeuvres.

Meanwhile, NASA confirmed the docking schedule, saying, “The spacecraft will dock autonomously to the space-facing port of the station’s Harmony module at approximately 7 a.m. on Thursday, June 26.” Although the system automates docking, NASA emphasised that crew oversight, especially by the pilot, remains vital for mission success.

Therefore, Shubhanshu Shukla’s involvement plays a key role in achieving a safe and accurate connection.

Axiom 4 Team To Begin Microgravity Experiments

Immediately after docking, the Axiom-4 crew will begin conducting approximately 60 scientific investigations related to microgravity. Notably, Shubhanshu Shukla will lead seven of these high-impact experiments. These studies aim to generate crucial insights that could benefit medicine, space engineering, and advanced material science. As a result, the data collected will likely influence future space missions.

Furthermore, NASA announced a joint initiative with ISRO, stating, “NASA and ISRO are participating in five joint science investigations and two in-orbit science, technology, engineering, and mathematics demonstrations.” These collaborative efforts highlight a strong international alliance in space exploration.

In fact, with Shubhanshu Shukla contributing significantly, this mission symbolises both scientific progress and global cooperation in orbit.

Axiom-4 Mission: Will the Weather Cooperate for Liftoff? Here’s the Forecast

June 25, 2025, 10:21 am

Indian Air Force Group Captain and ISRO astronaut Shubhanshu Shukla is ready to go on his first space flight as part of the Axiom-4 mission (Ax-4). The mission will liftoff to the International Space Station (ISS) on Wednesday. SpaceX affirmed that conditions are 90% ripe for liftoff, a big step forward following the mission experiencing several delays.

All systems go for Wednesday’s liftoff of @Axiom_Space’s Ax-4 mission to the @Space_Station and weather at 90% favorable for launch,” SpaceX tweeted on X.

All systems are looking good for Wednesday’s launch of @Axiom_Space’s Ax-4 mission to the @Space_Station and weather is 90% favorable for liftoff. Webcast starts at 12:30 a.m. ET → https://t.co/6RXoybzInV pic.twitter.com/988o685PVF

— SpaceX (@SpaceX) June 24, 2025

The launch, as per NASA, is scheduled for 12:01 PM IST. It will take place from Launch Complex 39A at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The Ax-4 crew will fly onboard a new SpaceX Dragon spacecraft, launched into orbit by the company’s Falcon 9 rocket. The docking at the ISS is to be done around 4:30 PM IST on Thursday, June 26, NASA said.

Axiom-4 Crew Headed by Peggy Whitson, Commanded by Shubhanshu Shukla

The Ax-4 mission will be commanded by Peggy Whitson, a retired NASA astronaut and Axiom Space Director of Human Spaceflight. The pilot will be Shubhanshu Shukla, the first ISRO astronaut to travel to the ISS under a commercial agreement.

They are accompanied by two mission specialists. Slawosz Uznanski-Wisniewski of Poland represents the European Space Agency (ESA), and Tibor Kapu of Hungary is part of the HUNOR (Hungarian to Orbit) program.

Several Delays Addressed, Launch Greenlit Following Repairs

The Ax-4 mission had several delays, first because of weather conditions and then due to technical matters. Leaks were discovered in SpaceX’s Falcon-9 rocket and the Russian Zvezda module of the ISS.

NASA affirmed that after extended repair and inspection, including consultations with Roscosmos, the mission was greenlit to go ahead.

“NASA and Roscosmos have cooperated and worked together on the International Space Station over many years. This professional working relationship has permitted the agencies to come to a consensus on a technical approach, and now Axiom Mission 4 launch and docking will go forward,” said Acting NASA Administrator Janet Petro.

India-US Partnership and Science Goals

The mission is therefore a milestone in India-US space cooperation, stemming from the commitment of Prime Minister Narendra Modi and former U.S. President Donald Trump to send an ISRO astronaut to the ISS for the first time.

As part of the collaboration, NASA and ISRO are engaged in five collaborative science investigations and two STEM education demonstrations during the mission.

After docking, the crew of Ax-4 will stay for two weeks on board the ISS. During this time, they will conduct experiments, engage in outreach, and carry out commercial activities. These efforts will enhance India’s capabilities for subsequent human spaceflight missions such as Gaganyaan.

Why Has the Axiom-4 Mission With Shubhanshu Shukla Been Delayed Six Times?

June 20, 2025, 12:52 pm

The highly anticipated Axiom-4 spaceflight mission, featuring Indian astronaut Shubhanshu Shukla in its four-person crew, has been postponed again. It is the sixth delay for the private flight, which was originally planned for May 29, 2025. The recent rescheduling means the launch on June 22, as earlier scheduled, will no longer happen. A new date will be announced in a few days.

The present launch window is available until June 30. In case the Axiom-4 mission is not launched within this period, it will have to be delayed until the next available window around mid-July.

Why Has Axiom-4 Been Delayed So Many Times?

NASA and Axiom Space have attributed recurrent delays to continuous safety and operational evaluations aboard the International Space Station (ISS), particularly after recent repairs to the Zvezda service module, found in the aft part of the station.

Axiom Space clarified in a statement, “With the space station’s intricate and interconnected systems, NASA is taking the time to go over the data and make sure it is ready to accommodate more crew members.”

Here’s a timeline of the six delays so far:

May 29: Launch postponed because of an “observation in the electrical harness” on the SpaceX Dragon spacecraft.
June 8: Deferred since the SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket launch vehicle was not prepared.
June 9: Second delay due to adverse weather conditions along the rocket’s flight trajectory.
June 10: An oxygen leak and a faulty one of the actuators advanced the launch to June 11.
June 11: Fears over a suspected leak in the rear part of the Russian module delayed the launch once more.
June 19: Launch rescheduled to June 22 to provide additional time for ISS inspections.
June 22: Latest postponement due to outstanding operational and safety issues on the ISS.

What Is the Axiom-4 Mission?

The Axiom-4 mission is a commercial spaceflight sponsored by Axiom Space in partnership with NASA. The astronauts will perform approximately 60 scientific experiments on board the International Space Station.

Indian spaceflight participant Shubhanshu Shukla will command a set of food and nutrition studies designed in cooperation with the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and the Department of Biotechnology (DBT). The experiments are intended to advance space nutrition and investigate self-sustaining life support systems essential for long-duration missions of the future.

Shukla is joined by Commander Peggy Whitson, a seasoned NASA astronaut, Tigor Kapu of Hungary, and Slawosz Uznanski-Wisniewski of Poland.

This mission is a historic comeback for India to human space travel, after 41 years since Rakesh Sharma went into space on a Soviet Soyuz space ship in 1984 as the first Indian in space.

Axiom-4 Mission with Shubhanshu Shukla Delayed by NASA for Sixth Time

June 20, 2025, 9:04 am

NASA has postponed the Axiom-4 mission launch to the International Space Station (ISS). The mission includes Indian astronaut Shubhanshu Shukla among its four crew members. The launch, planned for Sunday, June 22, will now happen later. NASA will announce the new date soon.

NASA Explains the Delay

On Thursday, Axiom Space said, “NASA has made the decision to stand down from a launch on Sunday, June 22, and will target a new launch date in the coming days.”

The statement added, “Because of the space station’s interconnected and interdependent systems, NASA wants to ensure the station is ready for additional crew members, and the agency is taking the time necessary to review data.”

Sixth Postponement for the Mission

This marks the sixth delay for the Axiom-4 mission. NASA first scheduled the launch for May 29. Then, it moved to June 8, June 10, June 11, June 19, June 22, and now an undefined later date.

.@NASA, @Axiom_Space, and @SpaceX continue reviewing launch opportunities for Axiom Mission 4. NASA is standing down from a launch on Sunday, June 22, and will target a new launch date in the coming days. https://t.co/GKAvaAd4UH

— International Space Station (@Space_Station) June 19, 2025

Multiple Issues Caused Delays

Earlier delays happened because of several problems. The Falcon 9 rocket was not ready on time. Bad weather caused trouble. NASA found a leak in the liquid oxygen system. There was also a technical fault in the space station’s service module.

A Mission Important to Several Countries

The Axiom-4 mission brings astronauts from India, Hungary, and Poland back to space. SpaceX’s Falcon 9 rocket will launch them from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida.

A Special Moment for India

This mission is very important for India. Shubhanshu Shukla will become the second Indian astronaut in space after Rakesh Sharma, who flew in 1984. Shukla joins Axiom Space’s fourth private astronaut mission. This mission also shows India’s growing space partnership with NASA.

NASA Confirms New Launch Time for Axiom-4 Mission with India’s Shubhanshu Shukla

June 19, 2025, 2:06 pm

Following several postponements due to technical malfunctions and inclement weather, Axiom Space’s Ax-4 mission is finally on its way to carrying Indian Air Force test pilot and ISRO astronaut Shubhanshu Shukla to the International Space Station (ISS).

Launch has now been scheduled for June 22 at 1:12 pm IST from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida aboard SpaceX Dragon spacecraft.

The Ax-4 mission itself was originally set for May 29, 2025, but was beset by a chain of delays. The launch was initially delayed to June 8 due to electrical harness concerns with the Crew Dragon.

Additional delays came on June 9 due to readiness issues with the Falcon 9 rocket, and June 10 due to adverse weather in the ascent corridor.

Pre-launch tests on June 8 also revealed an oxygen leak and an actuator problem, which needed parts to be replaced before rescheduling to June 11. A last-minute delay happened on June 12 due to a pressure leak in the ISS.

The space agency, NASA, indicates that the recent shift in launch timing provides for continued operations and repair analysis aboard the station to continue. “It is not unusual for the agency and its global partners to make changes to launches based on shifting operations on board the space station,” NASA said.

“Teams are making headway on assessing the transfer tunnel configuration, leading to a new launch opportunity for the private astronaut mission,” according to NASA.

The Ax-4 mission, which is commanded by Axiom Space, will be commanded by Axiom’s director of human spaceflight and former NASA astronaut Peggy Whitson.

The mission pilot will be Shubhanshu Shukla. Joining them is European Space Agency astronaut Sawosz Uznanski-Wisniewski from Poland and Tibor Kapu from Hungary, who will be mission specialists.

The four astronauts are in quarantine as they prepare for the trip.

For the mission, the Ax-4 crew will conduct 60 scientific experiments under microgravity. Seven of these are being conducted by Shubhanshu Shukla on behalf of India and are aimed at material science, human physiology, and future communication systems.

With the new launch date set, preparations for this ambitious commercial mission are in their final stages.

NASA Launches SEED Mission From Marshall Islands to Study Radio-Disrupting Clouds

June 13, 2025, 4:34 pm

NASA is getting ready to launch rockets from the remote Marshall Islands to study unusual cloud-like layers in the upper atmosphere. These so-called Sporadic-E layers can mess with aircraft radios and military radar, making them a top research priority. This makes them important enough to be researched.

The mission, named Sporadic-E ElectroDynamics (SEED), will begin within a three-week window starting Friday, June 13. NASA will launch uncrewed suborbital rockets equipped with scientific tools designed to collect data about these fleeting atmospheric layers in the lower ionosphere.

Sporadic-E Electro Dynamics (SEED)

Sporadic-E layers bounce radio signals back to Earth instead of letting them pass through. This can confuse pilots, ships, and even military radars by creating false or distant signals that seem local or real when they’re not.

“These Sporadic-E layers are not visible to the naked eye and can only be seen by radars,” explained Aroh Barjatya, the principal investigator of the SEED mission. “In the radar plots, some layers appear like patchy and puffy clouds, while others spread out, similar to an overcast sky, which we call the blanketing Sporadic-E layer.”

Barjatya added, “There’s a lot of interest in predicting these layers and understanding their dynamics because of how they interfere with communications.”

How Metal Particles Create a Communication Nightmare ?

Ionosphere is a region of Earth’s atmosphere stretching from about 60 to 1,000 kilometers above the surface. It’s made up of charged particles, or ions. Many of these particles come from meteors that burn up in the atmosphere. They end up releasing ionized elements such as iron, magnesium, calcium, sodium, and potassium.

These heavy metal ions, which are denser than the usual particles found in the ionosphere, often sink to lower levels. They usually sink below 140 kilometers. Sometimes, they group and form dense clouds called Sporadic-E layers, which then cause interference.

NASA’s SEED mission hopes to provide deeper insight into when and how these layers form. They also want to understand how they move and disappear, since they’re known for being unpredictable.

Shubhanshu Shukla: First Indian to Visit International Space Station

June 9, 2025, 1:49 pm

Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla will become the first Indian astronaut to visit the International Space Station (ISS). The launch will take place on June 10 aboard SpaceX’s Falcon 9 rocket as part of Axiom Mission 4 (Ax-4). Shukla will serve as the mission pilot under the leadership of former NASA astronaut Peggy Whitson.

The Ax-4 mission, therefore, marks a groundbreaking private flight; notably, it includes astronauts from Poland and Hungary. In fact, this mission signifies their return to human spaceflight after more than 40 years. Moreover, it highlights the growing role of international collaboration in commercial space exploration. The crew will be at the ISS for 14 days and will be doing various experiments and will be working on education outreach, and commercial projects in partnership with NASA and ISRO.

Captain Shubhanshu Shukla’s Early Life

Shubhanshu Shukla was born in Lucknow in 1985 and was inspired to join the military forces after the Kargil war in 1999. He cleared the NDA, earned a BSc in Computer Science in 2005 and later completed his M.Tech in Aerospace Engineering.

Commissioned into the Indian Air Force in 2006, Shukla has flown over 2,000 hours on multiple aircraft, including the Su-30 MKI and MiG-29. Promoted to Group Captain in 2024, has even earned the nickname “wicked smart.”

Journey to the Stars

In 2019, authorities selected Shukla for India’s Gaganyaan program and trained him at Russia’s Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Centre, followed by sessions in Bengaluru, Germany (ESA), and Japan (JAXA). In February 2024, PM Narendra Modi named him one of four astronaut-designates for the Gaganyaan mission scheduled for 2026. But before that, he will fly as the pilot of the Ax-4 mission.

Shubhanshu Shukla, nicknamed “Shuks,” will be the second Indian citizen in space, 41 years after his hero Rakesh Sharma’s 1984 mission, and the first to visit the ISS. With this upcoming mission, Shukla will become the second Indian citizen to be in space and the first to have been in the ISS.

NASA, SpaceX, and ISRO are collaborating on this mission, which makes this an important event for Indian space exploration.

NASA Tracks Massive Asteroid 2025 JR Ahead of Close Earth Flyby on May 28

May 27, 2025, 8:46 pm

A huge asteroid called 2025 JR is grabbing the world’s attention as it hurtles towards Earth for a flyby. About the size of a 25-storey building, the space rock will be passing closest on Wednesday, May 28. Although it will pass safely by Earth at a distance of 4.6 million kilometers, that’s unusually close in astronomical terms. The asteroid’s dimension and velocity—coupled with its Earth-crossing orbit—have excited scientists, space organizations, and skygazers alike. Although there is no threat of impact, the flyby is an apt reminder of how close—and capricious—near-Earth objects can become, underlining the imperative for sustained vigilance and space readiness.

Speed, Size, and Classification of 2025 JR

On May 28, 2025, Asteroid 2025 JR will safely pass by Earth at 8:40 am IST, measuring approximately 250 feet (76 meters) in diameter, a healthy size in space. It is an Apollo-class near-Earth object (NEO) a class characterized by asteroids whose orbits cross Earth’s orbit around the Sun. Being of this type of orbital feature, these asteroids are closely monitored for the amount of harm they might be able to cause. The asteroid moves at a mind-boggling 40,800 km/h, a speed that, if it were orbiting the Earth, would complete the transit in less than an hour. Although 2025 JR is not considered a “potentially hazardous asteroid” as it is lower than the threshold of 460 feet (140 meters), it is substantial enough that if it hit the Earth, the devastation would be catastrophic.

Theoretical Impact Scenario: A Catastrophic Blow

If asteroid 2025 JR were to collide with Earth, the devastation would be terrible. Travelling at stunning speed, the impact energy would be that of a few nuclear bombs exploding simultaneously. This would pulverize a lot, cause massive explosions, and maybe even lead to massive loss of life. One of the classic historical analogies most commonly given is the 1908 Tunguska asteroid or comet blast in Siberia, where an asteroid or comet measuring about 160–200 feet in diameter exploded in the air. The blast destroyed around 2,000 square kilometers of trees—an area greater than the city of Delhi—demonstrating the devastating power unleashed by relatively minor space bodies.

International Efforts towards Tracking and Monitoring

Tracking the asteroid 2025 JR is a complex procedure which involves the entire world. The activity is coordinated by NASA’s Centre for Near-Earth Object Studies by gathering data from an array of telescopes and radar facilities around the world. Amateur astronomers also contribute by scanning the sky for unknown objects. The network helps researchers to better predict near-approach and potential impact events. But with all of these advances, there are still many space rocks that remain unknown, challenging planetary defense on an ongoing basis.

First Indian on ISS? All Eyes on Shubhanshu Shukla as Ax-4 Readies for Launch

May 23, 2025, 2:55 pm

Axiom Space has made significant progress toward the launch of its fourth commercial astronaut mission, Ax-4, to the International Space Station (ISS) with the successful completion of the Flight Readiness Review (FRR) on May 21.

The critical milestone confirms that the mission, targeted for liftoff on June 8 from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida, is safe and prepared for launch.

The Mission of Scientific Ambition with Ax-4

Ax-4 will be Axiom’s most research-intensive flight to date. The four crew members will conduct over 60 experiments and outreach activities during their 14-day stay on the ISS. These activities are geared towards improving scientific, technological, and health knowledge while spurring public involvement.

“As we prepare to send Ax-4 to orbit, we welcome back Omega’s watches aboard again, extending a tradition dating back to the early history of the space program,” Axiom assured, underlining the continued tradition of space.

India’s Proud Moment: Meet Shubhanshu Shukla

This flight will also be historic for India, as it will take Indian Air Force Wing Commander Shubhanshu Shukla to the ISS—India’s first government-funded astronaut to travel to the station. Born in Lucknow, Shukla has more than 2,000 flying hours and has been on many high-risk aviation missions.

Chosen by ISRO and trained by NASA and Axiom Space, his involvement symbolizes India’s growing presence in international space exploration. ISRO’s Sudeesh Balan explained, “Space missions like Ax-4 can interest youths in space technology.”

Varied Contributions to Science

There’s international cooperation that defines this mission. There are 17 experiments out of the 60 scheduled that have ESA support, chiefly through collaboration with Poland. There are 25 experiments from Hungary under the HUNOR program. These contributions range from human health research to cutting-edge technology and Earth sciences.

NASA’s Dana Weigel called the mission a “great way” to increase research onboard the ISS. These experiments will not only push the bounds of science but also broaden international collaborations.

Apart from science work, the Ax-4 crew will engage in rigorous outreach, such as educational engagements and live interactions from space. These engagements will bring the thrill of space exploration to students and people across the globe.

New Dragon Awaits a Name on Ax-4

The crew on the Ax-4 will ride in a new SpaceX Crew Dragon, and while they still don’t know what they’ll call the spacecraft, excitement is building. SpaceX’s Sarah Walker said the name will be announced later, in traditional style.

As the count begins, the Ax-4 mission not only holds promise for scientific success but also sparks international involvement in the adventure of humanity off Earth.

NASA Prepares Tyres for Moon and Mars Missions

May 13, 2025, 9:35 am

NASA plans to return to the Moon after 50 years. After that, it wants to explore Mars. To do this, engineers must redesign tyres from scratch. After all, “One thing you cannot have is a puncture,” said Florent Menegaux, CEO of French tyre company Michelin. “If you get a flat on Mars, it’s a long way back.”

Mars Rovers Faced Harsh Damage

For example, the Curiosity rover landed on Mars in 2012. Just one year later, its aluminium wheels had cuts and holes. This showed how rough the Martian terrain really is.

Artemis Missions Will Travel Far

Now, NASA’s Artemis missions aim to send astronauts to the Moon again by 2027. Later missions like Artemis V, expected in 2030, plan to explore the Moon’s south pole using new rovers.

Unlike the Apollo missions, where rovers only travelled around 40 km, these new vehicles will go much farther. Sylvain Barthet from Michelin explained, “The target is to cover 10,000 kilometres in 10 years.”

NASA Wants Long-Lasting Tyres

Importantly, NASA wants rovers that work for years—not just days. As Dr Santo Padula, a NASA engineer, said, “We’re not talking about short, week-long durations, we’re talking about decades of utilisation.”

Extreme Cold Causes Problems

However, building tyres for space isn’t easy. For instance, the Moon’s poles can get colder than -230°C. That’s almost as cold as absolute zero, where atoms stop moving.

This affects how tyres work. “Without atom motion you have a hard time having the material be able to deform and return,” said Dr Padula. In other words, tyres need to bend over rocks and bounce back. If they don’t, “it doesn’t roll efficiently, and we have issues with power loss.”

Rovers Will Be Bigger and Heavier

In addition, the next generation of rovers will carry more weight. They’ll transport science equipment and mobile habitats. On Mars, this is even more difficult because its gravity is twice as strong as the Moon’s.

Rubber Can’t Survive in Space

Earlier, the Apollo rovers used wire-mesh tyres made of zinc-coated piano wire. But now, rubber is no longer an option. It breaks down in space due to extreme heat and cosmic rays.

So, what materials can work? According to Pietro Baglion of the European Space Agency (ESA), “In general, metallic or carbon fibre-based materials are used for these wheels.”

Nitinol: A Smart Metal Option

One strong option is nitinol, a mix of nickel and titanium. It behaves like rubber but is made of metal. Earl Patrick Cole, CEO of The Smart Tire Company, explained, “Fuse these and it makes a rubber-acting metal that can bend all these different ways, and it will always stretch back to its original shape.” He called it “one of the craziest things you will ever see.”

Even more, Dr Padula called nitinol “revolutionary.” He said it can store and release energy when it changes shape. It might even help with future heating and cooling systems.

Other Tyre Designs Also Show Promise

Meanwhile, Michelin supports using high-performance plastic for Moon tyres. On the other hand, Bridgestone is using an approach inspired by camel feet. Camels have wide, soft pads that spread their weight across sand.

Likewise, Bridgestone’s tyre design uses metal spokes and a felt-like tread. This spreads the vehicle’s weight and helps it move across dusty, rocky surfaces without sinking.

Testing Happens on Earth-Like Terrain

At the same time, these companies are testing their ideas. Michelin is running trials on a French volcano, which has soil similar to the Moon’s. Bridgestone is testing in the Tottori Sand Dunes in Japan.

They, along with Venturi Astrolab from California, are sharing their designs with NASA this month at the John Glenn Research Center.

Eventually, NASA will choose one design—or combine the best parts of several—later this year.

Space Tyres Could Help Earth Too

Interestingly, this research may also benefit Earth. While studying at the University of Southern California, Dr Cole joined a NASA programme to turn rover tyre tech into commercial products.

This year, his company will launch nickel-titanium bicycle tyres. They’ll cost around $150 each. While pricey, they will last much longer than normal tyres.

Next, he plans to create durable motorbike tyres for rough roads. Still, his biggest dream is space. “So, I can tell my kids, look up there on the Moon,” he said. “Daddy’s tyres are up there.”

On His 70th Birthday, NASA’s Oldest Astronaut Don Pettit Heads Back to Earth

April 16, 2025, 2:13 pm

NASA’s oldest active astronaut, Don Pettit, is set to return to Earth on a special day—his 70th birthday. Pettit, who is on board the International Space Station (ISS), will land on April 19 after serving on an unprecedented 220-day mission in orbit.

This latest mission is an added gem in Pettit’s illustrious career. This is his fourth space flight after serving in Expedition 6, Expedition 30/31, and the Space Shuttle Endeavour. Don Pettit has spent a total of 590 days in space as this mission is accomplished.

Don Pettit: More than 3,500 Earth Orbits and 93.3 Million Miles Traveled

During the NASA’s mission, Pettit went around Earth more than 3,520 times, traveling almost 93.3 million miles. He interacted with the public by posting stunning images of Earth’s splendor, such as magnificent auroras, lightning storms, and cityscapes, on his X (formerly Twitter) handle.

Formation flying; Starlink satellites tracing parallel lines in the sky.
Thanks to @BabakTafreshi for assembling this clip from timelapse images. pic.twitter.com/9vCKt1lCx5

— Don Pettit (@astro_Pettit) April 11, 2025

Among his most engaging posts was a video of Starlink satellites soaring in formation, on which he described photographing “parallel lines in the night sky.” He also posted a hypnotic time-lapse of the International Space Station revolving 180 degrees, presenting an arresting view of the Northern Lights.

Formation flying; Starlink satellites tracing parallel lines in the sky.
Thanks to @BabakTafreshi for assembling this clip from timelapse images. pic.twitter.com/9vCKt1lCx5

— Don Pettit (@astro_Pettit) April 11, 2025

Auroras, Antarctica, and the Art of Space Photography

In a separate video, he presented the aurora witnessed when the ISS traversed between Antarctica and Australia. “Aurora seen today from @Space_Station while orbit was passing between Australia and Antarctica,” he mentioned, also naming another space photographer colleague, @astro_jannicke, who is aboard the private FRAM2 mission.

Changes in attitude, changes in latitude: @Space_Station We rotated 180 degrees and flew backwards for yesterday’s Soyuz docking. This is a bit long but keep watching for the surprise in the middle. pic.twitter.com/UDEp8zKDwE

— Don Pettit (@astro_Pettit) April 9, 2025

Pettit thrilled space fans even more by sharing unusual video of lightning-like events called Transient Luminous Events (TLEs). These were Sprites and Blue Jets that happened above thunderstorms over the Amazon Basin. “OK, this is kind of out there and caters to your inner Uber-Geek,” he joked. The real time of the clip was around 6 seconds over the Amazon basin and displayed a variety of TLE displays from Sprites to blue jets from a downward-looking perspective.

Don Pettit Returning to Earth on April 19

Pettit will leave the ISS with Roscosmos cosmonauts Alexey Ovchinin and Ivan Vagner. They will ride the Soyuz MS-26 spacecraft from the Rassvet module at 5:57 p.m. EDT. A parachute-assisted landing will be in the Kazakhstani steppe, southeast of Dzhezkazgan, at 9:20 p.m. EDT (6:20 a.m. local time on April 20).

Before heading back to Earth’s atmosphere, Don Pettit marks the close of yet another chapter in his career, demonstrating that age should never stand as a limitation in exploring space.

NASA Releases Chilling Webb Images of Dying Star—Scientists Stunned by Discovery

April 16, 2025, 11:58 am

NASA released breathtaking new photos of a star as it died, providing the closest look yet at the planetary nebula NGC 1514. Taken by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), the photos reveal the complexity of the nebula, including features never before seen in such detail.

Webb Reveals Dust Rings and Core “Holes” in Nebula

With its powerful mid-infrared vision, the James Webb Telescope imaged the dying light of one of two central stars shedding its outer layers of gas and dust as it approached the end of its life. The images show an interesting glimpse of the dusty “fuzzy” rings and the strange “holes” in the core pink area of the nebula, where material has broken through.

Webb is “running rings” around this planetary nebula, bringing it into sharp focus with this new mid-infrared look. At the center are a pair of stars, one of which shed its layers of dust and gas as it neared the end of its life cycle. https://t.co/PrOgjuhuPR pic.twitter.com/KeI1Nf6IpR

— NASA Webb Telescope (@NASAWebb) April 14, 2025

NASA researchers explain that the web of small, fine holes closer to the center of the nebula indicates where more rapidly moving material probably broke through. Although NGC 1514’s rings were first found back in 2010, Webb’s powerful instruments enabled scientists to investigate them in much more detail.

The rings, previously visible only in basic infrared observations, now appear as clusters forming tangled and irregular patterns—offering insight into how the dying star is interacting with its binary companion.

A Cosmic Dance of Two Stars

NASA said the two central stars of NGC 1514, which appear as a single point to Webb because they are close together, are encircled by bright diffraction spikes and an orange-colored arc of dust. The two stars are gravitationally bound to each other in a very tight orbit over a period of nine years.

One of the stars, initially many times larger than our Sun, is now compressed to its hot, dense core after losing its outer layers. The star’s companion, according to NASA scientists, must have impacted the formation of the rings, coming very close to the star at the time of maximum loss of material, molding the shape into rings instead of a spherical shape.

A Nebula in Motion for Millennia

“Before Webb, we weren’t able to detect most of this material, let alone observe it so clearly,” explained Mike Ressler, project scientist for Webb’s MIRI (Mid-Infrared Instrument) at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

NGC 1514, which belongs to the Taurus constellation and is approximately 1,500 light-years from Earth, has been changing at least 4,000 years and will keep doing so for millennia to come.

Who Is Neela Rajendra? The DEI Leader Fired by NASA Amid Trump’s Anti-Diversity Push

April 12, 2025, 7:15 pm

Neela Rajendra, the Indian-American chief Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI) officer at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, has been let go after months of rumors and tension over the Trump administration’s position on DEI programs. The Daily Mail reported that Rajendra’s termination follows a time of internal strife over her role as part of widespread reductions to DEI programs throughout the federal government.

NASA’s Acknowledgement of Neela Rajendra’s Impact

Lab director Laurie Leshin also confirmed Rajendra’s exit in an all-staff email on Thursday. “Neela Rajendra is no longer working at [the Jet Propulsion Laboratory]. We are incredibly grateful for the lasting impact she made on our organization. We wish her the very best,” Leshin wrote.

“Neela Rajendra is no longer working at [the Jet Propulsion Laboratory],” lab director Laurie Leshin said in an all-staff email on Thursday. “We are incredibly grateful for the lasting impact she made to our organization. We wish her the very best.” pic.twitter.com/37OKoZmv2J

— Aaron Sibarium (@aaronsibarium) April 11, 2025

Rajendra’s termination has raised eyebrows, especially since her important role in NASA’s DEI initiatives. Although close to 900 workers at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory lost their jobs in 2024 as a result of budget cuts, Rajendra’s job was still secure for months. This raised eyebrows among many in the organization, especially considering that the Trump administration has made attempts to cut or eliminate DEI programs throughout federal agencies.

Neela Rajendra’s Secret Role After DEI Cuts

In spite of the public pressure for DEI cuts, Rajendra still performed much of her work in a clandestine capacity. All mentions of DEI were deleted from her profile, and she took on a new position as “head of employee success.” In early March, she even headed the lab’s “Black Excellence Strategic Team,” further solidifying her power within the institution.

Trump Administration’s DEI Cuts and NASA’s Response

Rajendra’s dismissal takes place at the same time that the Trump administration continues to make efforts to disband DEI programs within government agencies. The previous president had signed a series of executive orders intended to curtail DEI initiatives, citing that such programs eroded merit-based hiring and disproportionately benefited specific groups.

Following these orders, NASA’s acting administrator, Janet Petro, notified employees in March that the Office of the Chief Scientist, the Office of Science, Policy, and Strategy, and the diversity office would close down. Through these adjustments, Rajendra’s DEI office was reorganized and is now under the human resources department.

Elon Musk Criticizes Trump’s NASA Cuts, Says Science Funding Can’t Be Grounded

April 12, 2025, 5:30 pm

Tesla and SpaceX CEO Elon Musk has sounded an alarm about President Donald Trump’s suggested NASA budget cuts, his second such public criticism of the administration. Musk called the Office of Management and Budget draft proposal “troubling” for its effects on scientific research, among other areas.

Although Musk refrained from participating in formal budget discussions citing SpaceX’s role as a key NASA contractor he emphasized his strong support for scientific advancement. “I am very much in favor of science,” Musk said, adding that his hands were tied regarding NASA deliberations due to potential conflicts of interest.

This show of disapproval comes in the wake of reports that Musk might be backing away from his advisory position in the Department of Government Efficiency. His recent attacks point to increasing friction between the tech mogul and the Trump administration, particularly on matters that directly concern his companies.

Musk has also defied the administration on trade policy, often taking aim at Peter Navarro, one of Trump’s most senior trade advisers. Tesla has incurred huge financial losses as a result of blanket tariffs imposed by the administration on major trade partners, further adding to Musk’s frustrations.

Based on leaked internal memoranda, the planned budget cuts would dramatically scale back financing of climate-related research. The Oceanic and Atmospheric Research division at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (OAR) would have its financing slashed from $485 million to $171 million. That kind of cut would greatly reduce the agency’s capability to monitor climate change and its effects.

Although the proposed budget is still awaiting congressional approval, the recommended reductions have alarmed both parties. The lawmakers worry that cutting funding for science could undermine the US’s international leadership in space and environmental research, and efforts to tackle climate change.

The next few months will determine whether these cuts pass into law or are thwarted in Congress.

How NASA Plans to Tackle Space Waste With a $3M Prize | TDG Explainer

April 11, 2025, 4:24 pm

NASA has revealed a $3 million prize as part of its LunaRecycle Challenge to prompt scientists and innovators to create solutions for the recycling and management of human waste in space. The competition, which ended on March 31, hopes to address the issue of close to 96 bags of vomit, urine, and feces that astronauts left on the Moon over 50 years ago during the Apollo missions.

With its Artemis program on the verge of returning astronauts to the Moon’s surface, NASA is looking for sustainable waste management technologies that will facilitate long-duration missions and allow for sustained human presence on the Moon and beyond.

A Call for Sustainable Solutions in Space

NASA has challenged the world to come up with systems that can turn human waste, such as feces, vomit, and urine, into useful products such as drinking water, fertilizer, and energy. The winning solution will be used in future lunar missions to ensure sustainable space travel.

“NASA is committed to sustainable space exploration. As we prepare for future human space missions, we will need to consider how to minimise various waste streams, including solid waste, as well as how to store, process, and recycle them in a space environment so that they are returned to Earth as little as possible,” the agency stated.

NASA hopes to minimize toxic emissions from what it jokingly called a “galaxy fart, fart away.” The agency pointed out that the LunaRecycle mission not only solves the environmental issue of waste left behind on the Moon but also lays the foundation for establishing a sustainable future in space.

The Legacy of Apollo: 96 Bags of Human Waste on the Moon

Astronauts threw away all unnecessary gear and garbage, including biological garbage, to accommodate samples of moon rocks during the Apollo flights of the 1960s and 1970s. These included 96 bags of urine, vomit, and feces, which are still on the Moon today.

NASA now wants to convert that issue into an opportunity. “Whereas past initiatives aimed at minimizing trash mass and volume, this challenge will emphasize technologies for recycling waste into useful products required for off-planet science and exploration endeavors,” the agency stated in a press release.

The officials are in the process of evaluating the submissions from the participants. The agency will select the most promising ideas for further development. The winning concept will be given a $3 million prize and the chance to shape the next generation of space missions.

Modern Waste Management in Space

NASA’s haste in addressing this problem is due to the growing demand for effective waste management in space. Missions to the Moon and Mars of long duration necessitate systems that not only minimize waste but also recycle it to sustain life.

Currently, astronauts aboard the International Space Station (ISS) manage waste manually. They sort it into bags, which are stored onboard until they can either return to Earth or burn up during atmospheric re-entry, depending on the spacecraft. However, this solution is not viable for deep space missions.

NASA estimates that a group of four astronauts may generate as much as 2,500 kilograms of waste every year. This waste occupies storage space and may also present biological and physical risks. Effective recycling provides a solution that mitigates these dangers while recycling waste into valuable resources.

Tiny pieces of waste are already being metered into high-temperature reactors on board the ISS. These burn the waste into water, oxygen, and other gases. The by-products are reused or vented safely, and the residual solid mass is minimized in size and biological hazard.

Where Does Human Waste Go in Space?

Without traditional plumbing, astronauts are not able to flush waste in space like they can on Earth. Instead, human waste is packaged with other trash and jettisoned off the ISS. This waste is incinerated when it re-enters Earth’s atmosphere.

In a 2015 report by Forbes, quoting NASA, they described what happens to feces while in space: “[The faeces] will burn up in the atmosphere and look like shooting stars,” NASA said. “Your faeces will not be shooting stars.”

Towards a Cleaner and Smarter Space Future

As NASA moves toward its Artemis missions and beyond, the LunaRecycle Challenge is an important step toward establishing a circular waste economy in space. The agency sees future lunar and deep space missions that produce little waste and make the most of resources through recycling.

Apart from maintaining the Moon’s surface, the LunaRecycle Challenge provides a benchmark for managing biological waste on interplanetary flight, making space exploration sustainable, efficient, and ethical.

With competition entries under consideration, the world waits for the creative ideas that would not only restore the Moon’s surface but also create a new horizon for human spaceflight.

NASA Astronaut Jonny Kim Launches to ISS with Russian Crewmates

April 8, 2025, 12:57 pm

Jonny Kim, a NASA astronaut, took off successfully with two Russian cosmonauts on Tuesday to begin a long mission aboard the International Space Station (ISS).

The trio—Kim, Sergey Ryzhikov, and Alexey Zubritsky—launched from Kazakhstan’s Baikonur Cosmodrome. The Soyuz MS-27 spacecraft, carried by a Soyuz rocket, lifted off on schedule and entered orbit shortly after. They are expected to dock at the ISS in just over three hours.

Kim and his Russian colleagues will spend around eight months on the space station. During this time, they will conduct scientific research and test new technology. NASA said these activities will help prepare astronauts for future space missions and improve life on Earth.

Jonny Kim is from Los Angeles and serves as a U.S. Navy lieutenant commander. He is also trained as both a naval aviator and flight surgeon.

A Growing Crew in Space

Once they arrive, the three new astronauts will join a larger crew already stationed on the ISS. This includes NASA astronauts Don Pettit, Anne McClain, and Nichole Ayers; Japanese astronaut Takuya Onishi; and Russian cosmonauts Alexey Ovchinin, Ivan Vagner, and Kirill Peskov. NASA highlighted Kim’s role, noting that his work will focus on supporting long-term space travel goals.

‘Best Homecoming Ever’: Sunita Williams Spent 9 Months in Space, Dogs Greet Her Like It’s Been 9 Years

April 2, 2025, 2:34 pm

NASA astronaut Sunita Williams, who was back on Earth after living for more than nine months in outer space, captured a heart-melting reunion video upon return. The footage, shared on Tuesday, had her embracing the love of her life – a pair of dog pets at home.

Williams captioned the video, “Best homecoming ever!” as her two Labrador retrievers enthusiastically leapt around her, swishing their tails merrily as she stroked them. The warm moment attracted instant popularity, including SpaceX CEO Elon Musk’s response using a heart emoji.

Best homecoming ever! pic.twitter.com/h1ogPh5WMR

— Sunita Williams (@Astro_Suni) April 1, 2025

Longest Stay and Emotional Return of Sunita Williams

Throughout her long-duration stay in orbit, Williams had said how much she was looking forward to joining her furry friends again. She confessed that the most difficult moment of her long-extended mission was waiting for her family and pets to welcome her back home.

Williams and fellow astronaut Butch Wilmore returned safely to Earth on March 18 on SpaceX’s Dragon spacecraft. The capsule landed in the ocean off the coast of Tallahassee, Florida, bringing an end to their mission on the International Space Station (ISS).

Readjusting to Life on Earth

During an interview with the media upon her return, Williams explained that she was gradually readjusting to life on Earth.

“It’s great getting back. I went for a run – although very slow,” she told in a Houston interview. “Just felt good to feel the air, even though it was humid air, like blowing past you, and seeing other people on the track, it’s really nice. It’s home.”

Admiration for India from Space

A proud Indian-American herself, Williams also discussed how stunning India appeared in space. She indicated her wish to travel to her father’s country soon and relate her experiences of space travel to the locals.

“India is incredible from space,” she said, describing her appreciation of the country’s sweeping landscapes and rich culture viewed from orbit.

A Viral and Inspiring Homecoming of Sunita Williams

Williams’ comeback and her tearful reunion with her dogs touched the hearts of netizens, with many admiring her strength and commitment to space exploration. Her mission not only accounted for a milestone in space travel but also reconfirmed the emotional bonds that astronauts have with their families left behind on Earth.

Her next mission? Living life on Earth again—one slow run and one wagging tail at a time.

NASA Astronaut Defies Gravity for the Love of Coffee | Watch

March 31, 2025, 2:59 pm

For many, the day begins only after the first sip of coffee. But what if you are 400 kilometers up on Earth, where gravity doesn’t play along? NASA astronaut Don Pettit was confronted with this challenge on the International Space Station (ISS) and chose to get creative.

Unlike on Earth, where individuals drink coffee from a hot cup, astronauts historically use sealed pouches with straws to avoid liquids floating off in microgravity. But Pettit yearned for the entire coffee experience—scent, flavor, and the reassuring touch of an actual sip.

The Birth of the Zero-G Cup by Don Pettit

To address this, Don Pettit created the Capillary Cup, a unique container that resists weightlessness, enabling astronauts to sip coffee normally. Based on the Rochester Institute of Technology, this invention employs capillary action to flow the liquid to the astronaut’s lips without needing gravity.

In a now-viral X (formerly Twitter) video, Pettit is enjoying coffee from his floating white cup. “Having a sip O’joe in the morning; nothing beats the zero-g cup for morning coffee,” he captioned the photo.

Having a sip O’joe in the morning; nothing beats the zero-g cup for morning coffee. pic.twitter.com/koM2V4Lhsf

— Don Pettit (@astro_Pettit) March 27, 2025

Improving the Space Coffee Experience

Coffee aficionados understand that flavor is only one aspect of taste—it’s an experience involving all the senses, particularly smell. Pettit resonated with that when he responded to a question from a user who asked if a cup in space was really necessary.

“The zero-g cup enables you to smell your coffee, something you can’t do when drinking out of a straw from a bag; the smell is likely 70% of the coffee pleasure,” he explained.

The zero-g cup allows one to smell your coffee, something you can’t do when sipping through straw from a bag; smell is probably 70% of the coffee pleasure

— Don Pettit (@astro_Pettit) March 27, 2025

His lighthearted approach to space habits also became popular. When one of the users commented on how people are generally asked not to play with their food, Pettit replied, “In space, you can play with your food and call it science.”

In space, you can play with your food and call it science

— Don Pettit (@astro_Pettit) March 27, 2025

A Temporary Setback for Space Coffee

Although the Zero-G Cup was a success, astronauts have recently encountered a setback. On March 22, Pettit announced that the ISS’s espresso machine had been returned to Earth, and astronauts now only have instant coffee. Although this is not great for coffee lovers, Pettit’s invention is still a major step forward in enhancing space living conditions.

His Capillary Cup not only improves the astronauts’ coffee-sipping experience but also helps improve our knowledge of fluid dynamics in microgravity, advancing the frontier of space science and comfort.

NASA in Crisis: Mass Layoffs Shake Space Agency Under Trump’s Budget Cuts

March 25, 2025, 5:34 pm

Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center of NASA in Houston was recently buzzing with excitement with the safe return of astronauts Sunita Williams and Butch Wilmore from their unplanned 286-day sojourn at the International Space Station (ISS). The celebratory mood has now, however, been replaced by worry as the agency faces severe downsizing under the cost-cutting order of US President Donald Trump.

Job Cuts Shake NASA Headquarters

Reports state that NASA’s Washington, DC, headquarters experienced surprise layoffs on March 10. Three offices, two of which are policy divisions that play a crucial role, were the target of these layoffs, along with several senior science and engineering staff.

This abrupt reorganization has left most scientists, engineers, and administrators in the lurch, bringing into question the long-term implications for NASA’s projects and research initiatives.

Establishment of ‘Tiger Team’ to Roll Out Cost-Reduction Plan

Although the full extent of the restructuring is still uncertain, there are reports that NASA has created a specialized internal team, which is referred to as the ‘Tiger Team.’ The team has been tasked with determining the means to implement massive budget reductions mandated by Trump’s executive orders. The project falls in line with the overall aims of the Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE), which is said to be led by SpaceX CEO Elon Musk.

According to a CNN report, NASA’s acting administrator, Janet Petro, addressed staff via an internal email, stating, “Over the past few weeks, an internal team has defined a strategy to identify and act on opportunities for optimising our organisation—whether by streamlining operations, reducing duplicative reporting and analysis, finding areas to accelerate decision velocity, or identifying cost-saving measures.”

Petro also made clear that no decisions have been made but pointed out areas where there could be restructuring, “In the coming weeks, we will evaluate where we can make these changes, while also considering the potential for any new priorities from the administration and the next administrator once confirmed.”

Layoff Process in NASA and Employee Concerns

A NASA official confirmed to CNN that 23 workers were dismissed in the initial round of layoffs. Reports state that impacted workers, including a high-ranking official who was issued a layoff notice on March 10, will continue to work until April 10. They will not, however, be paid for some accrued time-off awards.

Also, at least some of the affected workers were allegedly excluded from receiving anticipated spring bonuses and from seeking other available internal positions. One anonymous individual had complained of frustration with the process when he stated:

“I think we were targeted. Denying bonus packages is extremely cruel, callous, and needless.”

NASA cited the 30-day advance notice as justified based on “keeping up with Trump’s executive order and more comprehensive government restructuring timetables.” Yet, the sudden move has adversely affected the morale at the agency.

A NASA employee not subjected to layoffs informed CNN, “Everybody’s lost confidence. What was the urgency? It’s being gratuitously heartless.”

Fear of a Brain Drain in the Space Industry

As NASA’s job reductions continue, fears are rising of a brain drain in the space industry. Top-notch experts might now look for work in private space firms like SpaceX and Blue Origin or look abroad.

Experts caution that these abrupt and broad-scale layoffs might impede scientific advances, derail long-term NASA missions, and diminish the agency’s research strength.

Although the ultimate effect of the restructuring is unknown, the recent firing indicates the larger problems that budget reductions and administrative reforms can represent for scientific institutions. As NASA struggles through these troubled times, the space community anxiously observes, hoping that necessary missions and projects will not be sidetracked by political fiat.

Why NASA Uses Space Capsule Instead of Space Shuttle for Sunita Williams’ Safe Landing

March 20, 2025, 5:34 pm

In 2003, NASA’s Columbia Space Shuttle tragically disintegrated upon re-entering Earth’s atmosphere, killing all seven astronauts on board, including Indian-origin astronaut Kalpana Chawla. This disaster prompted NASA to reconsider its approach to astronaut landings, leading to a significant shift from space shuttles to space capsules.

Why NASA Stopped Using Space Shuttle for Landings

Before the Columbia disaster, NASA used space shuttles for both launching and landing astronauts. The shuttle, resembling an aircraft, would enter the atmosphere and land on a runway like a commercial airplane. However, this method proved extremely risky, as minor structural damage could lead to catastrophic failure, as seen in Columbia’s case.

To enhance safety, NASA now relies on space capsules for astronaut re-entry. Unlike shuttles, capsules separate from the rocket before entering the atmosphere. They deploy parachutes to slow down and make a controlled landing in the ocean, significantly reducing the chances of disaster.

Recalling Kalpana Chawla: A Space Exploration Tragedy

India has a strong affinity with space exploration, and one of the most unfortunate events was the death of Indian-origin astronaut Kalpana Chawla. She was a member of the Columbia STS-107 mission, which crashed on February 1, 2003.

Space Shuttle Columbia broke apart during re-entry into Earth’s atmosphere after the left wing of the spacecraft was damaged during lift-off. The tragedy killed all seven crew members on board, including Kalpana Chawla, India’s source of national pride as a space pioneer.

Her spirit continues to inspire future generations of astronauts and space enthusiasts across the globe, including those working towards SpaceX’s objective of making space travel safer and more efficient.

Safer Returns with Space Capsule

Astronauts Sunita Williams and Butch Wilmore recently returned to Earth aboard a space capsule rather than a shuttle, following NASA’s revised safety measures. Capsules are designed to withstand intense heat and pressure during re-entry while ensuring a smooth splashdown in the ocean.

The transition from space shuttles to capsules represents a major advancement in astronaut safety. With agencies like NASA, SpaceX, and Roscosmos adopting capsule technology, the risk of spaceflight disasters has been significantly reduced.

“Earth Missed You”: PM Modi Welcomes Sunita Williams Back After 9 Months in Space

March 19, 2025, 12:47 pm

Prime Minister Narendra Modi greeted NASA astronaut Sunita Williams and the Crew-9 crew as they landed safely on Earth after more than nine months in space. “Welcome back, #Crew9! The Earth missed you,” PM Modi tweeted on X (formerly Twitter), posting a photo with Williams.

Welcome back, #Crew9! The Earth missed you.

Theirs has been a test of grit, courage, and the boundless human spirit. Sunita Williams and the #Crew9 astronauts have once again shown us what perseverance truly means. Their unwavering determination in the face of the vast unknown… pic.twitter.com/FkgagekJ7C

— Narendra Modi (@narendramodi) March 19, 2025

NASA’s Crew-9 touched down off the coast of Florida early on Wednesday morning, with the SpaceX Dragon spacecraft splashing down at 3:27 am (IST). Their return was the end of a long mission on the International Space Station (ISS), which had initially started as an eight-day task but was prolonged to 286 days due to technical complications.

Mission Challenges and Starliner Delays

Williams and astronaut Butch Wilmore had first flown to space on June 5, 2023, aboard Boeing’s Crew Flight Test for NASA. But NASA and Boeing had detected helium leaks and had issues with the spacecraft’s reaction control thrusters when their spacecraft was nearing the ISS. This prompted NASA to recall the Starliner back to Earth without its crew.

Due to these setbacks, NASA reassigned Williams and Wilmore to SpaceX’s Crew-9 mission in August 2023. This decision reduced the Crew-9 team from four to two, excluding previously announced astronauts Zena Cardman and Stephanie Wilson to accommodate Williams and Wilmore. NASA astronaut Nick Hague and Roscosmos cosmonaut Aleksandr Gorbunov later joined the mission, flying to the ISS aboard a SpaceX Dragon capsule.

PM Modi’s Tribute to Determination of Sunita Williams

Appreciating the astronauts’ persistence, PM Modi praised their stamina throughout their lengthy mission. “Sunita Williams and the #Crew9 astronauts have once again shown us what perseverance truly means. Their unwavering determination in the face of the vast unknown will forever inspire millions,” he uploaded on X.

PM Modi also stressed that space exploration is all about driving human potential, dreaming big, and having the boldness to bring those dreams alive. “Sunita Williams, a trailblazer and an icon, has exemplified this spirit throughout her career,” he added. The Prime Minister also thanked the ground teams who went about their tasks day and night to make it possible for her to return home safely, terming them, “We are incredibly proud…They have demonstrated what happens when precision meets passion and technology meets tenacity.”

PM Modi’s Personal Connection to Sunita Williams

A day before their return, Union Minister Jitendra Singh shared a letter from PM Modi addressed to Sunita Williams. Dated March 1, the letter revealed that Modi had inquired about Williams’ well-being during meetings with former US Presidents Donald Trump and Joe Biden.

Modi has said his conversation with veteran NASA astronaut Mike Massimino in Delhi made him want to send a message to Williams. “1.4 billion Indians have always taken great pride in your achievements. Recent developments have yet again showcased your inspirational fortitude and perseverance. Even though you are thousands of miles away, you continue to remain close to our hearts. The people of India are praying for your good health and success in your mission,” wrote PM Modi.

As the whole world waits, with abated breath, for the safe return of Sunita Williams, this is how PM Sh @narendramodi expressed his concern for this daughter of India.
“Even though you are thousands of miles away, you remain close to our hearts,” says PM Sh Narendra Modi’s… pic.twitter.com/MpsEyxAOU9

— Dr Jitendra Singh (@DrJitendraSingh) March 18, 2025

He also remembered meeting Williams during her visit to the US in 2016 and hoped to receive her in India in the near future. “It will be a pleasure for India to host one of its most illustrious daughters,” he said.

A Triumphant Return to Earth

After traveling for 17 hours back to Earth, Crew-9 spacecraft safely deployed parachutes and splashed down in the Atlantic Ocean. The landing occurred at the end of a long and eventful space flight that further testifies to the commitment of astronauts such as Sunita Williams and personnel such as pilots responsible for their safety.

Butch Wilmore & Sunita Williams To Splash Down At 5:57 PM ET After 9 Months In Space

March 19, 2025, 3:12 am

The two NASA space travelers, Sunita Williams and Barry Butch Wilmore, will be arriving back on Earth on Tuesday from the International Space Station (ISS) after nearly ten months there. Their original return date for Wednesday was shifted forward because weather conditions were improving.

NASA has confirmed that the astronauts will splash down off the coast of Florida at around 5:57 p.m. ET (21:57 GMT). They are riding on a SpaceX Crew Dragon capsule, which departed from the ISS at 1:05 a.m. ET on Monday. Joining them on the return leg are fellow American astronaut Nick Hague and Russian cosmonaut Aleksandr Gorbunov.

Wilmore and Williams had originally flown to the ISS on Boeing’s Starliner spacecraft, which was being certified for its first crewed flight. Since there were propulsion problems with the spacecraft, it was not considered safe to have them return to Earth, thus extending their visit.

In a statement, NASA said the adjustment of the return schedule would provide ISS crew members with extra time for handover activities and allow for flexibility prior to expected adverse weather later in the week.

The home stretch of the astronauts’ return journey will be live-streamed on NASA’s new streaming platform, NASA+, so the public can see them return home at last.

This flight is yet another major step forward for NASA’s continuing attempts at creating and refining new spaceflight technology, specifically in cooperation with private firms such as Boeing and SpaceX. As Wilmore, Williams, and their colleagues are ready for re-entry, all eyes wait anxiously for them to arrive back on solid ground safely.

Can SpaceX Dragon Crash? Examining Risks as It Brings 4 Astronauts Home

March 18, 2025, 7:16 pm

As SpaceX Dragon gets ready to return four astronauts home, questions about its security measures and the chance of a crash are hotly debated. SpaceX has engineered the Dragon spacecraft with several safety features, making it safe for return for astronauts even in the worst situations.

This SpaceX Dragon is also fitted with a very sophisticated Launch Escape System (LES), under which astronauts can eject safely in the event of any failure of the spacecraft. SpaceX Dragon spacecraft has also undergone extensive testing, such as high-altitude abort tests, parachute deployment tests, and splashdown simulations.

NASA and SpaceX have collaborated closely to modify the Dragon spacecraft’s systems, including real-time tracking, thermal protection, and redundant power sources. The spacecraft design features a heat-resistant PICA-X shield, allowing astronauts to safely re-enter Earth’s atmosphere even in extreme conditions.

Is There a Chance of a SpaceX Dragon Crash?

Though there is always a risk with spaceflight, the SpaceX Dragon vehicle has been designed with the most advanced safety systems to prevent even the slightest opportunity for failure. The craft has performed a series of manned flights successfully and demonstrated its safety as a reliable spacecraft.

SpaceX uses a highly advanced guidance and navigation system to provide a controlled and accurate re-entry trajectory. Dragon’s parachute deployment system has also been thoroughly tested to manage a broad spectrum of emergency scenarios. In contrast to previous space accidents where re-entry mishaps occurred, SpaceX Dragon has successfully performed safe splashdowns in several missions.

But space travel is still inherently risky. In the case of sudden anomalies, NASA and SpaceX maintain emergency contingency strategies, such as quick response recovery teams, ocean retrieval missions, and redundant communication systems to protect astronauts.

How Many SpaceX Crashes Have There Been Before Bringing Astronauts to Earth?

Before its successful launch and return of astronauts to Earth, SpaceX experienced some failures in its development phase. Some of these incidents include:

SpaceX Falcon 1 Flight 1 (2006): The inaugural Falcon 1 flight failed because of a fuel leak.
SpaceX Falcon 1 Flight 3 (2008): The rocket failed to orbit because of stage separation problems.
SpaceX CRS-7 (2015): A Falcon 9 rocket with a Dragon cargo capsule exploded in the air because of a structural malfunction in the second-stage liquid oxygen tank.
SpaceX Amos-6 (2016): A static fire test was concluded with an explosion, killing the Falcon 9 rocket and payload.
SpaceX Crew Dragon Abort Test (2019): A faulty engine caused an explosion during a ground test. This led to major upgrades for Crew Dragon’s SuperDraco thrusters.

SpaceX has since then built a strong safety record, flying several crewed missions successfully, including those for NASA’s Commercial Crew Program.

Recalling Kalpana Chawla: A Space Exploration Tragedy

Fatal Spacecraft Crashes in History

Although SpaceX has had a good safety record with manned missions, there have been some fatal spacecraft crashes throughout history.

Some of the most widely known are:

Apollo 1 (1967): Three astronauts died during a pre-flight cabin fire test.
Soyuz 11 (1971): Decompression killed three Soviet cosmonauts upon re-entry.
Challenger Disaster (1986): Space Shuttle Challenger exploded 73 seconds into flight, killing all seven crew members.
Columbia Disaster (2003): Space Shuttle Columbia broke apart upon re-entry into Earth’s atmosphere, and all seven crew members, including Kalpana Chawla, were killed.

These accidents have played a significant role in the evolution of safety protocols in space travel, influencing the design of contemporary spacecraft, like SpaceX Dragon.

A New Era of Safe Space Travel

SpaceX Dragon is the new future of space travel, with decades of experience and lessons learned from tragedy guiding it. Under NASA’s watchful eye and ongoing improvements in safety measures, the chances of a crash are slim.

As the world awaits the return of the four astronauts on board SpaceX Dragon, one thing is certain: space travel, though dangerous, has never been safer. With ongoing innovation, the dream of safe and effective space travel is fast becoming a reality.