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Who is Prahlada Ramarao? The Man Behind India’s Own ‘Akash Missile System’ | TDG Explainer

May 13, 2025, 12:24 pm

The Akash missile system stood tall & high during Op Sindoor, when India was being attacked with drones and missiles by Pakistan. While the Indian Armed Forces responded with a resounding counteroffensive, the homegrown Akash defense system detected and intercepted hostile drones and missile attacks with precision targeting. It wasn’t merely a demonstration of India’s defense capabilities—it was a testament to the leadership and vision of one man over four decades: Prahlada Ramarao.

Prahlada Ramarao, one of India’s defense technology pioneers, commanded the Akash missile program for the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). Thousands of scientists worked together with him and established India’s missile defence independence.

Early Life and Rise of Prahlada Ramarao

Prahlada Ramarao is a name one does not commonly hear outside the defence circles in India, yet his work is monumental. Being born with scientific inclinations and a desire for national service, Ramarao’s professional career took him right into the nucleus of India’s missile development universe.

In the early 1990s, India’s ‘Missile Man’ Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam saw the potential in Prahlada Ramarao. Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam appointed him as the youngest project director in DRDO’s history at a mere age of 35 to head the Akash project. India had then not many of the technologies necessary for missile defence systems. But Ramarao accepted the challenge.

Starting the Akash Project: Journey of Failures and Success

The Akash project was started in 1994. The government initially provided ₹300 crore for development. Right from the beginning, Prahlada Ramarao and his team encountered several challenges. They had to create everything from the ground up—without foreign assistance and with little infrastructure.

One of the largest hurdles was the development of Rajendra, the radar system that would lead the Akash missiles. Rajendra had to be an advanced, electronically scanned, phased array radar that would be capable of detecting, tracking, and engaging multiple targets simultaneously. It took years of persistent failure and changes to make it happen. Ramarao and his team, however, never lost hope.

Ultimately, with determination, they made it through. The cost of the project increased to ₹500 crore upon completion, but the end result was an entirely indigenous surface-to-air missile system that could secure India’s skies.

Akash Missile System: What Sets it Apart ?

The Akash missile system is a surface-to-air defence system of medium range that is intended to capture airborne threats. It has an up to 30-km range and has the capability to target multiple targets at a time. The missile is supersonic in speed and features a high-energy solid-fuel booster.

Its biggest advantage is its native design. In contrast to other nations that depend on foreign systems, India developed Akash from scratch at home—Indian components, radar systems, software, and launch platforms.

The Akash system is now operational in a number of Indian Air Force and Army formations. It serves a crucial function in safeguarding strategic sites, airbases, and border areas.

Akash in Operation Sindoor: Moment of National Pride

The real test of Akash Missile System occurred in Operation Sindoor, a recent military campaign where Pakistan made aerial attacks using drones and short-range missiles. India acted fast. The Akash missile system intercepted the incoming attacks successfully. It was the first time that the system was used in live military action.

Indian Air Force’s DGMO, Air Marshal A.K. Bharti, remarked during a press conference, “Akash stood like a wall.” He was impressed with the accuracy and toughness of the system under pressure.

The success brought pride tears to the eyes of Ramarao. “My eyes swelled with pride when my baby performed so smoothly. The happiest day in my life. Larger than my Padma award,” he spoke to an interview. His pride was seconded by numerous all over India in watching the victory of Indian innovation and science.

Career Spent Designing Missiles Above Akash

While Akash Missile System shines, it is not Ramarao’s sole contribution. He contributed to developing at least a dozen other missile systems, including:

Astra, India’s beyond-visual-range air-to-air missile
BrahMos, the fastest supersonic cruise missile in the world, developed in collaboration with Russia

Several other air defence and tactical missile platforms

Prahlada Ramarao also held senior roles in different DRDO laboratories. He guided the future generation of defence scientists and collaborated with the armed forces in order to make India’s missile programs meet actual requirements.

Vision Beyond Technology: Self-Reliance in Defence

What distinguishes Prahlada Ramarao is his belief in self-sufficiency. In an era where India was significantly reliant on defence imports, he was keen to create home-grown solutions. His efforts found resonance in the vision of Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam to transform India into a tech superpower of the world in defence.

The recent success of Akash Missile System also resonates with India’s Make in India mission, proving that sophisticated military systems can be engineered by Indian scientists for Indian situations.

Building India’s Air Defence

As geopolitical tensions mount, India is persisting with layered missile defence. Ramarao’s work is the template for the next generation of programmes. India is currently developing extended-range versions of the Akash, the Akash-NG, and other systems to counter newer threats in the form of hypersonic missiles and swarm drones.

Specialized equipment such as Rajendra radar and Akash launchers are also being enhanced with AI and automation. These developments make India equipped to face changing threats.

Legacy Carved in Steel and Sky

Prahlada Ramarao’s journey with the Akash missile system is one of vision, determination, and patriotism. From battling failed trials to neutralizing enemy attacks during Operation Sindoor, he made India do the unthinkable.

Today, while Akash guards Indian skies, it also guards something much deeper—the notion that India can innovate, lead, and triumph with its own scientific ethos.

Prahlada Ramarao’s legacy is not written in missile tubes and radar arrays alone, but in every young Indian scientist who has the courage to create something world-class for the country.

‘Blood on My Face’: Indian Air Force Officer Details Shocking Bengaluru Road Rage Incident

April 21, 2025, 5:11 pm

Wing Commander Aditya Bose, an Indian Air Force officer, has accused being physically attacked close to DRDO Colony in Bengaluru as he was going to the airport with his wife, Squadron Leader Madhumita. In a shocking video now trending on social media, Bose is seen with injuries on his head and face, describing the incident in detail.

Biker Blocks Car, Escalates to Group Assault

As Bose narrates, the accident happened when a biker pulled up behind their car and obstructed them on the road. “A bike came from behind and stopped our car… the guy started abusing me in Kannada. When they saw the DRDO sticker on the car, they said ‘you DRDO people’, and began hurling abuse at my wife,” he says in the video.

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As Bose had walked out to reduce tensions, he was reportedly assailed. “The moment I got out, the biker hit me with a key on my forehead, and there was blood. I stood there shouting, Is this how you treat people who serve in the armed forces?” he explained.

Indian Air Force Officer Reports Bleeding Wounds

Bose explained that things grew violent when there were more and more people who added up with the biker. “One man picked up a stone and tried to hit my car. It struck my head. This is what has happened,” he told while touching the blood-scarred injury.

He also stressed the psychological trauma the incident inflicted on him and his wife, who was still on the scene during the attack. The video captures Bose agitated as he asks for an explanation of the treatment given to personnel in uniform.

Police Response Draws Criticism

Bose complained that no assistance came from local authorities when he went to the police station to lodge a complaint. “There was no response,” he said, being disappointed with the delay in action.

Although the motive behind the attack is still unknown, Bengaluru police assured that they have started looking into the incident. NDTV said the authorities have identified Squadron Leader Madhumita and are trying to get the complete details of the incident. No official complaint has been lodged yet.

Officer’s Emotional Plea to Public and Authorities

“This is what Karnataka has become… I couldn’t believe it. God help us. God give me the power not to retaliate,” Bose said at the end of the video, his voice dripping with frustration and disbelief.

Authorities still track down those involved in the alleged assault, and public reaction to the incident mounts on social media.

Indian Navy, DRDO Successfully Conduct Flight Trials of Naval Anti-Ship Missile | Watch

February 26, 2025, 11:11 pm

The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and the Indian Navy have successfully conducted flight trials of the Naval Anti-Ship Missile (NASM-SR) from the Integrated Test Range (ITR) in Chandipur on February 25, according to the Ministry of Defence.

Watch the trial below:

DRDO and Indian Navy successfully flight tested Naval Anti Ship Missile Short Range (NASM-SR) on 25 Feb 2025 from ITR, Chandipur. The trials have proven the missile’s Man-in-Loop feature and scored a direct hit on a small Ship target in sea-skimming mode at its maximum range pic.twitter.com/ykNTYl2RKR

— DRDO (@DRDO_India) February 26, 2025

During the trials, the missile was launched from an Indian Naval Seaking Helicopter and effectively demonstrated its capability against ship targets. The test validated the missile’s Man-in-Loop feature, as it achieved a direct hit on a small ship target using a sea-skimming trajectory at its maximum range. The missile is equipped with an indigenous Imaging Infra-Red Seeker for terminal guidance, and the trial also showcased a high-bandwidth two-way datalink, allowing real-time seeker images to be transmitted to the pilot for in-flight retargeting.

Defence Minister Rajnath Singh congratulated DRDO, the Indian Navy, and the industry partners for the successful test. He highlighted that the Man-in-Loop capability is a unique feature that enables in-flight retargeting.

The missile was launched in Bearing-only Lock-on after launch mode, where multiple targets were present in close proximity. Initially, it locked onto a large target within a designated search zone. However, during the terminal phase, the pilot selected a smaller, concealed target, ensuring precise impact.

The NASM-SR utilizes an indigenous Fiber Optic Gyroscope-based Inertial Navigation System (INS) and a Radio Altimeter for mid-course guidance. Its design includes an integrated avionics module, Electro-Mechanical actuators for aerodynamic and jet vane control, thermal batteries, and a PCB warhead. The propulsion system consists of a solid-fuel engine with an inline ejectable booster and a long-burn sustainer. The trials successfully met all mission objectives.

The missile has been developed by various DRDO laboratories, including the Research Centre Imarat, Defence Research and Development Laboratory, High Energy Materials Research Laboratory, and Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory. Production is currently being carried out in collaboration with Development cum Production Partners, MSMEs, start-ups, and other industry stakeholders.

Dr. Samir V Kamat, Secretary of the Department of Defence R&D and Chairman of DRDO, also extended his congratulations to the DRDO team, users, and industry partners for the achievement.

Pralay Missile Debuts at R-Day Parade 2025, ALH to be Grounded

January 21, 2025, 2:45 pm

India is all set to demonstrate its advanced short-range surface-to-surface missile, Pralay, at this year’s Republic Day Parade. It will be the first time the Pralay missile will be showcased in public, marking an important milestone in India’s defense capabilities.

The missile, developed under the guidance of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), has completed a series of trials and is soon to be tested by the Indian Army in user trials.

Pralay Missile and India’s Rocket Force

It includes the Pralay missile range, which runs between 150 and 500 kilometers, an enhancement of rocket power for future enhancement. The defense ministry had, recently, sanctioned purchases of 250 missiles, considering their importance in boosting the strength of the national missile defense shield. The use of the Pralay for the first time at the parade during Republic Day signifies India’s developments in homeland military technology besides strengthening the country with the modernity of defense.

Grand Performances and Dance Presentations

This year’s Republic Day Parade will be different from others as more than 5,000 dance artists will perform in the entire area of viewing space from Vijay Chowk to the India Gate C-hexagon. Vibrant cultural expressions will bring vibrancy to this event and will be a great visual treat to more than 77,000 visitors who will be present for the parade.

Triservice Tableau and Special Commemorations

First, a triservice tableau will be showcased, doing away with the usual separate tables of each service. This will also underline the jointness of the Indian armed forces. However, the Indian Navy will still have its tableau. The parade will also see special tableaux for the 150th birth anniversary of tribal hero Birsa Munda and the 150th year of the India Meteorological Department. A dedicated tableau for Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, the nation will pay homage to its rich legacy.

Guests and Foreign Participation

Indonesia’s President Prabowo Subianto will be the Chief Guest at this year’s Republic Day celebrations, although Indian officials have denied any link to the sale of Brahmos missiles. As a representation of India-Indonesia ties, a 160-member marching contingent from Indonesia, along with a 190-member band contingent, will be a part of this celebration.

ALH is to be Grounded

The indigenous Dhruv Advanced Light Helicopter (ALH) will not be a part of this year’s flypast. The mishap happened when one of the ALHs crashed earlier this month and was subsequently grounded. Thus, the approximately 330 ALHs, which are being used by the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Coast Guard, would have to be temporarily grounded for safety reasons.

Invitations and Spectator Details

More than 77,000 spectators are expected to witness the grand parade of this year. So far, more than 32,000 tickets have been sold. Special invites have been sent to 10,000 prominent persons, including the heads of the villages who have successfully implemented the flagship schemes of the Government of India.

India’s Republic Day Parade 2025 will be a spectacular display of its defense capabilities, cultural diversity, and national achievements. The parade will have the Pralay missile for the first time, special commemorations, and international participation, making this year’s parade reflect India’s growth as a global power.

DRDO Sanctions Rs 334 Cr-Worth Projects to Advance Indigenous Technologies

December 6, 2024, 5:46 pm

A total of 79 projects, costing Rs 334.02 crore, have so far been sanctioned to various industries under the Technology Development Fund (TDF) scheme for the development of defence technologies. Additionally, the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has established 15 Industry Academia Centres of Excellence (DIA-CoEs) across the country, Minister of State for Defence Sanjay Seth informed in a written reply to Ananta Nayak in the Lok Sabha on Friday.

The Technology Development Fund Scheme is a flagship programme of the Ministry of Defence (MoD) executed by DRDO under the ‘Make in India’ initiative. The Union Government has approved the scheme to encourage industries, especially MSMEs and startups, to develop various defence technologies. The scheme aligns with the vision of ‘Aatmanirbhar Bharat’ by integrating new industries into the design and manufacturing of defence technology. Funding of up to Rs 50 crore per project is provided to the industry as a grant-in-aid, the minister stated.

DRDO has set up DIA-CoEs at institutions such as IISc Bangalore, various IITs, and Central/State Universities to promote focused research in developing new technologies for defence and security. These Centres of Excellence are equipped with state-of-the-art laboratories, research facilities, and infrastructure to attract researchers and scholars. Through these centres, DRDO aims to establish effective collaborations with startups and industries to further product development.

The Government has also launched the Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX) framework to foster innovation and technology development in the Defence and Aerospace sectors. It engages industries, including MSMEs, startups, individual innovators, R&D institutes, and academia, to promote self-reliance.

In May 2021, the government introduced a scheme to scale up iDEX with a budgetary allocation of Rs 498.80 crore for five years (2021-22 to 2025-26). This scheme aims to provide financial support to nearly 300 startups, MSMEs, and individual innovators, as well as 20 partner incubators under the Defence Innovation Organisation (DIO) framework.

So far, 264 projects, worth approximately Rs 930 crore, have been sanctioned under the DRDO’s grants-in-aid scheme, Sanjay Seth noted.

Since 2019, DRDO has been organising the Pan India Dare to Dream Innovation Contest annually to encourage innovators, entrepreneurs, individuals above 18 years, and startups (recognised by DPIIT and founded by Indians) to contribute innovative ideas in the Defence and Aerospace sectors. Through this contest, DRDO identifies and awards the best ideas, supporting their development into prototypes under the TDF scheme.

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Four editions of the Dare to Dream contest have already been successfully conducted. The fifth edition, Dare to Dream 5.0, was launched by Raksha Mantri on October 18, 2024, and is currently underway. Winners in each category receive a fixed cash prize, with Rs 543 lakh already disbursed across the four previous editions. Selected individuals or companies also benefit from DRDO’s support in realising their awarded ideas into prototypes.

India Prepares for Test Launch of Long-Range Anti-Ship Ballistic Missile

November 10, 2024, 8:42 pm

India is gearing up to conduct a test of a new long-range anti-ship ballistic missile capable of striking moving enemy warships or aircraft carriers at distances exceeding 1,000 kilometers. The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) is expected to carry out the test launch in the coming days, according to defence sources cited.

Versatile Launch Capabilities

The upcoming anti-ship ballistic missile is being designed for the Indian Navy, with a focus on enhancing its offensive capabilities against enemy vessels. The missile can be deployed from both naval warships and shore-based locations, providing flexible launch options in maritime operations, the sources added.

The new missile system aims to expand the Navy’s strike range, allowing it to target adversarial ships and carriers from a significant distance, thereby bolstering India’s maritime defense strategy. The addition of this weapon will complement the existing inventory of ballistic missiles used by Indian forces, including the Pralay missile, which has already been ordered by the Indian Army and the Indian Air Force.

Expanding Ballistic Missile Inventory

India has been ramping up its stockpile of ballistic missiles across all three branches of its armed forces. The induction of short- and medium-range missiles is part of a broader strategy to enhance the country’s capability to engage in sustained, long-term conflicts. This expansion reflects a growing focus on equipping the forces with diverse missile options to address various combat scenarios.

The increased emphasis on ballistic missiles comes in light of their extensive use in recent global conflicts, where both state and non-state actors have employed these weapons for rapid, large-scale attacks. The potential for such tactics has underscored the need for India to boost its own long-range strike capabilities.

The Indian military’s interest in creating a dedicated rocket force stems from its ongoing tensions with China along the northern borders. China boasts a significant inventory of long-range ballistic missiles and a well-established rocket force capable of conventional and non-nuclear strikes. In response, Indian defence forces have held extensive discussions on the formation of a similar organization equipped with a large arsenal of long-range missiles to counter regional threats and safeguard national security.

The development of the new anti-ship ballistic missile is a step towards addressing these strategic requirements and enhancing India’s deterrence capabilities in the face of evolving security challenges.

DRDO Successfully Completes First Phase of Trials for Indigenous Light Tank ‘Zorawar’

September 14, 2024, 12:39 pm

The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has successfully completed the first phase of developmental field firing trials for the Indian Light Tank, Zorawar. In a post on X, PRO Defence, Guwahati, announced the achievement, highlighting the role of collaboration with Indian industry in boosting the domestic manufacturing ecosystem.

On September 13, 2024, DRDO conducted preliminary automotive trials of the Zorawar, a versatile platform designed for high-altitude deployment. According to the Ministry of Defence, the tank performed exceptionally well during field trials in desert terrain, achieving the desired accuracy on designated targets and meeting all objectives.

Developed by DRDO’s Combat Vehicles Research & Development Establishment (CVRDE) in partnership with Larsen & Toubro Ltd (L&T), the Zorawar tank involved contributions from numerous Indian industries, including MSMEs, showcasing the strength of indigenous defence manufacturing capabilities.

Defence Minister Rajnath Singh praised DRDO, the Indian Army, and industry partners for their successful trials, calling it a major step towards India’s self-reliance in critical defence systems and technologies. Drawing lessons from the Russia-Ukraine conflict, DRDO and L&T integrated unmanned systems and loitering munitions into the Zorawar tank.

Initially, 59 tanks will be delivered to the army. Weighing 25 tonnes, the Zorawar tank is designed for high-speed mobility in mountain valleys and can be transported in pairs by the Indian Air Force’s C-17 aircraft.

IIT Indore and DRDO Develop Energy-harvesting Shoes with GPS tracking

August 7, 2024, 1:39 pm

Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT) Indore has developed a shoe in collaboration with the Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO) which harnesses energy from human motion to power electronic devices and having a satellite-based GPS module for precise live location tracking, a release stated.

The Institute has successfully delivered 10 pairs of innovative Tribo-Electric Nanogenerator (TENG) based shoe sole energy harvesting units to the Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO) under the Ministry of Defence, Government of India. It showcases a significant leap in integrating sustainable energy solutions with advanced tracking technologies. The shoes, developed under the expert guidance of Prof I A Palani, faculty at IIT Indore, are designed to harness energy from human motion to power electronic devices.

Director of IIT Indore, Prof Suhas Joshi said, “The military applications of this technology are noteworthy. The real-time location tracking capabilities enhance the safety and coordination of military personnel, boosting operational efficiency and security. The TENG-powered shoes can support essential GPS and RFID systems, providing a self-sustaining and dependable solution for various military needs.”

As the demand for efficient and portable power sources continues to rise, IIT Indore’s innovations, including the TENG-based shoe sole technology and other advanced DRDO projects, are set to revolutionise energy harvesting, real-time tracking, and various defence and industrial applications. These advancements offer sustainable and practical solutions for a wide range of needs, highlighting IIT Indore’s pivotal role in pioneering the future of defence technology, Joshi added.

Additionally, Prof Palani said, “The TENG system in these shoes utilises advanced tribo-pairs, Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene (FEP) and Aluminium, to generate power with each step. This energy is stored in a central device within the shoe sole, ensuring a reliable power source for small-scale electronic circuits. Additionally, the shoes feature sophisticated tracking technology, including RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) with a 50-metre range and a satellite-based GPS module for precise live location tracking.”

Beyond military use, these TENG-powered shoes hold promise for civilian and industrial applications. For families with elderly members, especially those with Alzheimer’s disease, the shoes offer peace of mind through reliable location tracking. Working parents can monitor their children’s whereabouts throughout the school day, and schools can use RFID technology to maintain accurate attendance records. In industrial settings, the shoes are useful for attendance tracking and worker monitoring, the release added.

The athletic industry can also benefit from these shoes by analysing athletes’ foot movements, which can help improve performance and training techniques. For trekking and mountaineering enthusiasts, the shoes provide reliable tracking during expeditions with their self-powered GPS feature, ensuring safety and efficient navigation, it added.

Indian Navy Set To Procure Four Indigenous Tapas Drones From DRDO

June 22, 2024, 8:12 pm

In a significant development for indigenous defense capabilities, the Indian Navy plans to procure four Tapas drones manufactured by DRDO within India. These drones are intended for surveillance operations in maritime areas.

“The Indian Navy is going to order four Tapas drones and it is going to use them for maritime surveillance operations,” ANI quoted defence officials.

The drones will be produced by a partnership between Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) and Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL).

“The deliveries would be made faster by the consortium as the first bird would be ready for delivery within 24 months of signing the contract. The existing birds or drones would be used for carrying out trials and improving their capabilities,” they added.

The Tapas drones developed by the Aeronautical Development Establishment Laboratory under DRDO have not fully met the defence forces’ requirements in trials, particularly in achieving the Joint Services Qualitative Requirements of flying continuously at 30,000 feet for over 24 hours. Consequently, they have been excluded from mission mode projects. Despite these challenges, DRDO is committed to further enhancing the Tapas medium-altitude, long-endurance (MALE) capabilities.

During tests, the Tapas drones reached altitudes of up to 28,000 feet and sustained flights of over 18 hours. In a specific trial, Indian Navy officials operated the drone over the Arabian Sea for several hours following its launch from an airfield in Chitradurga, Karnataka. Sources indicate that the Tapas drone requires relatively short runway lengths, enabling its use from small airfields in both island territories and the mainland.

India To Conduct Trials Of Shoulder-Fired Air Defence Missiles

June 16, 2024, 6:43 pm

The government entity DRDO will conduct trials of indigenous shoulder-fired air defense missiles, before supplying them to the Indian army for user trial.

In order to fulfill the requirements of Indian Army and Air Force and to deal with aerial targets such as fast-moving drones, fighter jets, and helicopters in border regions, DRDO is manufacturing Very Short-Range Air Defence missiles.

Moreover, it is also going to conduct high-altitude tests of the indigenous tripod-fired short-range air defense missile in mountainous areas such as Ladakh or Sikkim, revealed defence officials to ANI.

Later, after its successful tests, the missile system will be given to army for user trials and tests.

Furthermore, the defence officials also declared, that issues associated with short-range targeting has been cleared, and the system is making steady progress.

Meanwhile, in order to plug in the shortage of shoulder-fired missiles to deal with China & Pakistan threats, the Indian army is currently making a progress with two cases for the development of very short-range air defence, which is worth Rs 6,800 crore.

Currently, the existing VSHORAD missiles possessed by Indian army and air force contain lR homing guidance systems.

Indian Government Extends The Term Of DRDO Chairman By 1 Year

May 27, 2024, 6:44 pm

Indian Government extends the term of Dr Samir V Kamat, Secretary, Department of Defence Research and Development and Chairman, Defence Research Development Organisation (DRDO) for one year till May 31, 2025.

Government of India extends the term of Dr Samir V Kamat, Secretary, Department of Defence Research and Development and Chairman, Defence Research Development Organisation for one year till 31st May 2025 pic.twitter.com/KT1JPYs6y6

— ANI (@ANI) May 27, 2024

India Successfully Tests SMART Anti-Submarine Missile System

May 1, 2024, 1:00 pm

India successfully carried out trials of the supersonic missile-assisted release of torpedo (SMART) anti-submarine missile system at Balasore, Odisha on Wednesday.

According to defense officials, the Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO) was developing this missile system for the Indian Navy.

The main objective of trials was enhancing the anti-submarine warfare capability of Indian navy beyond the conventional range of lightweight torpedo.

About SMART Missile

This missile is a next-generation standoff torpedo delivery system, which is designed to enhance the anti-submarine warfare capabilities of the Indian navy. It can be launched from surface-ship or a truck-based coastal battery.

This medium-range supersonic missile consists of the main features-Carries Torpedo, parachute delivery system and mechanisms of release.

This SMART System enjoys greater range than that of the conventional torpedoes. Which function in the range of 20-40-km. Meaning it has the enhanced capability to target the submarines of the enemy.

For airborne or ship-based sumbarine detection and identification, it will utilize two-way data link. It also utilizes sea skimming to decrease detection range.

Earlier Tests

Earlier too, DRDO conducted the similar tests in both year 2021 and 2020. During the 2021 tests, the full range of this missile’s capability was displayed in wheeler island, Odisha.

Indian army invests Rs 6,800 Cr in VSHORADS development

April 21, 2024, 6:46 pm

Due to critical shortages in shoulder-fired missiles for countering aerial threats along its borders with China and Pakistan, the Indian Army is forging ahead with two major initiatives totaling over Rs 6,800 crore to develop Very Short Range Air Defence Systems (VSHORADS) domestically.

With plans to acquire more than 500 launchers and approximately 3000 missiles through indigenous channels, the Indian Army is taking significant steps to bolster its air defence capabilities. This move comes as a response to the dwindling inventory of VSHORAD missiles, particularly the aging Igla-1M system which was inducted in 1989 and slated for de-induction in 2013.

Defence Ministry officials revealed that a substantial project worth Rs 4800 crore is currently underway, engaging a public sector unit headquartered in Hyderabad and a private firm based in Pune to develop a laser beam riding VSHORADS. These systems are crucial for safeguarding borders against enemy drones, fighter aircraft, and helicopters.

The project aims to deliver 200 launchers and 1200 missiles to the Indian Army and Air Force, with the Army taking the lead as the primary user. The development partners are mandated to produce prototypes under the Indian Designed, Developed, and Manufactured clause of the Defence Acquisition Procedure.

Despite challenges, including delays and less-than-encouraging progress, industry sources are optimistic about the ongoing efforts. Concurrently, the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) is actively engaged in designing and developing infra-red homing-based VSHORADS in collaboration with industry partners Adani Defence and I-Comm.

Amid these developments, the Indian Army and Air Force have resorted to Emergency Procurement powers to acquire Russian Igla launchers, with 48 already delivered as part of the initial tranche. There are plans to revive a previously scrapped contract with Russia for Igla-S systems, highlighting the strategic imperative to enhance air defence capabilities through ‘Make in India’ initiatives.

The significance of VSHORAD missiles has been underscored by their proven efficacy in recent conflicts, including the Russia-Ukraine conflict. The Indian armed forces remain steadfast in their efforts to modernize and replace outdated systems, ensuring robust air defence capabilities to safeguard national interests.

India’s BrahMos missile export: Global defense cooperation

April 18, 2024, 7:29 pm

The inaugural shipment of a contracted BrahMos missile from India to the Philippines is scheduled to arrive in the Southeast Asian nation on Friday, April 19. This marks a significant milestone in the realm of defense exports, showcasing India’s progress in manufacturing and global cooperation.

Originating from Nagpur, India, the BrahMos missile, renowned as the world’s fastest supersonic cruise missile, is being transported aboard an Indian Air Force C-17 Globemaster transport aircraft. Joining this journey are three civilian freight liners carrying supplementary components and support systems crucial for the missile’s deployment.

The destination for this high-tech weaponry is the Philippine Marine Corps’ coastal defense regiment, where it is expected to bolster the nation’s defense capabilities significantly. This initiative stems from a $375 million agreement inked in January 2022 between BrahMos Aerospace Pvt Ltd and the Philippine Marine Corps, laying the groundwork for this momentous export event.

Collaboratively developed by India’s Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and Russia’s NPO Mashinostroyeniya, the BrahMos missile reflects India’s commitment to self-reliance and indigenous defense manufacturing. An impressive 85 percent of its components are now produced within India, showcasing the nation’s strides toward self-sufficiency in defense technologies.

This achievement also serves as a testament to India’s growing influence as a defense exporter on the global stage. With defense exports hitting Rs 21,083 crore (approximately US$ 2.63 billion) in FY 2023-24, marking an impressive 32.5 percent growth from the previous year, India has firmly established itself as a major player in the international defense market.

Beyond technological progress and manufacturing capabilities, this milestone underscores India’s strategic partnerships and diplomatic endeavors. The successful export of the BrahMos missile not only strengthens the ties between India and the Philippines but also showcases India’s emerging role as a key defense exporter in the region, solidifying its position as a reliable and innovative partner in the global defense landscape.

DRDO’s Indigenous Technology Cruise Missile Test hits milestone

April 18, 2024, 5:24 pm

The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) successfully conducted a flight test of the Indigenous Technology Cruise Missile (ITCM) from the Integrated Test Range (ITR) in Chandipur, located off the coast of Odisha. The test, conducted on Thursday, marked a major milestone in India’s indigenous missile development program.

A release issued by the Defence Ministry highlighted the successful performance of all subsystems during the test, meeting the expectations set for the trial. One of the key aspects of the test was the comprehensive monitoring of the missile’s performance throughout its flight path. This was accomplished using a range of sophisticated Range Sensors such as Radar, Electro-Optical Tracking System (EOTS), and Telemetry deployed by ITR at various locations. Additionally, real-time monitoring from the Su-30-Mk-I aircraft of the Indian Air Force added another layer of oversight to ensure accurate assessment.

The ITCM demonstrated its capability by precisely following the desired path using waypoint navigation and showcasing very low-altitude sea-skimming flight. This successful flight test not only validated the missile’s performance but also established the reliability of the indigenous propulsion system developed by the Gas Turbine Research Establishment (GTRE) in Bengaluru.

Equipped with advanced avionics and software, the ITCM promises enhanced performance and reliability, making it a formidable asset for India’s defense arsenal. The missile’s development was spearheaded by the Aeronautical Development Establishment (ADE) in Bengaluru, with contributions from various DRDO laboratories and Indian industries.

The successful test was witnessed by senior scientists from multiple DRDO laboratories, alongside representatives from production partners, underlining the collaborative effort that went into the missile’s development and testing phase.

Congratulatory messages poured in following the successful test. Defence Minister Rajnath Singh congratulated DRDO for achieving this milestone and emphasized the significance of developing indigenous long-range subsonic cruise missiles with native propulsion systems for India’s defense research and development.

Secretary, Department of Defence- Research and Development (R&D) & Chairman DRDO, Samir V Kamat, extended his congratulations to the entire team involved in the successful conduct of the ITCM launch, acknowledging their dedication and expertise in advancing India’s defense capabilities.

Odisha Chief Minister Naveen Patnaik also took to social media, tweeting his congratulations to DRDO for the successful flight test of the ITCM, recognizing it as a significant achievement for the country’s defense sector.

The successful flight test of the Indigenous Technology Cruise Missile not only showcases India’s technological progress in missile development but also strengthens its strategic capabilities, contributing to the nation’s self-reliance in defense technologies.

Strategic Forces Command, DRDO conduct successful flight test of Agni-Prime

April 4, 2024, 12:59 pm

The Strategic Forces Command (SFC), in collaboration with the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), conducted a successful test flight of the next-generation ballistic missile Agni-Prime from Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Island off the coast of Odisha around 7 pm on Wednesday. The test achieved all trial objectives, confirming its reliable performance, as verified by data from various range sensors deployed at different locations, including two Downrange ships positioned at the terminal point.

The launch was witnessed by the Chief of Defence Staff, Chief of Strategic Forces Command, senior officials from DRDO, and the Indian Army. Defence Minister Rajnath Singh praised DRDO, SFC, and the Armed Forces for the successful ballistic missile test, noting that the development and deployment of the missile would significantly enhance the capabilities of the Armed Forces.

In June last year, DRDO conducted the first pre-induction night launch of the Agni Prime ballistic missile from Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Island off the coast of Odisha, which was also successful.

Women Scientists Instrumental in Mission Divyastra’s Success.

March 14, 2024, 11:47 am

Highlighting the growing presence of women in the field of science in India, a significant number of female scientists played crucial roles in the success of Mission Divyastra, led by Programme Director Sheena Rani.

Sheena Rani, a senior scientist, has also been actively involved in several successful missile tests in the past. Additionally, Dr. Shankari S, the programme project director, made significant contributions to the mission’s success, according to defence officials.

Numerous female scientists contributed to developing key technologies for the mission, particularly focusing on the multiple independently targetable re-entry vehicle (MIRV) technology for the Agni-5 missile. Some of the notable women scientists involved in the project are Usha Verma, Neeraja, Vijay Lakshmi, and Venkatamani, all from the strategic missiles laboratories of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).

Prime Minister Narendra Modi recently announced the successful maiden flight test of the Agni-5 missile with MIRV technology. This advancement enables the weapon system to deliver multiple nuclear warheads against various targets spread over hundreds of kilometers.

The Indian Agni-5 missile program features an inter-continental ballistic missile capable of striking any target in China or other perceived threats beyond a range of 5,500 kilometers.

Meet ‘Divya Putri,’ the Scientist Behind the Agni-5 Missile’s Multiple Warheads

March 13, 2024, 11:08 am

India conducted a successful test of the Agni-5 missile with multiple warheads, a significant achievement announced by Prime Minister Narendra Modi as ‘Mission Divyastra.’ Leading the project was Sheena Rani, a woman scientist from Hyderabad’s missile complex, who has been involved with the Agni missile systems since 1999.

Rani’s accomplishment has earned her the title of ‘Divya Putri,’ marking her twenty-fifth year at India’s defense research agency. Expressing pride in her work, she stated, “I am a proud member of the DRDO fraternity that helps protect India.”

Following in the footsteps of India’s renowned missile technologist ‘Agni Putri’ Tessy Thomas, Rani’s work on the Agni-5 missile with Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry Vehicle (MIRV) technology is considered a crowning achievement.

At 57 years old, Rani is described as a ‘powerhouse of energy’ and works as a scientist at the Advanced Systems Laboratory of the Defence Research Development Organisation (DRDO) in Hyderabad. She holds a degree in electronics and communications engineering with expertise in computer science from the College of Engineering in Thiruvananthapuram.

Inspired by India’s ‘Missile Man’ Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam, Rani joined the DRDO after working at the Vikram Sarabhai Space Center (VSSC) for eight years. She has been instrumental in developing the launch control systems for the entire Agni series of missiles since 1999.

Her husband, PSRS Sastry, also a DRDO scientist, was in charge of the Kautilya Satellite launched by ISRO in 2019 for gathering electronic intelligence.

The recent test of the Agni-5 missile with MIRV technology, named ‘Mission Divyastra,’ was conducted at Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Island in Odisha. Prime Minister Modi praised the DRDO scientists for their efforts in achieving the mission’s objectives.

The MIRV technology on the Agni-5 missile allows for multiple warheads to be deployed, capable of hitting targets at different locations simultaneously. This technology enhances India’s strategic capabilities and makes it the sixth country in the world to possess MIRV-capable missiles.

The new weapon system, equipped with indigenous avionics systems and high-accuracy sensor packages, ensures that re-entry vehicles accurately reach their target points. This capability significantly enhances India’s deterrence posture and strategic flexibility.

India tests Agni-5 missile with MIRV tech, PM Modi congratulates DRDO

March 11, 2024, 5:47 pm

India on Monday (11 March 2024) successfully test-fired the indigenously developed Agni-5 intercontinental ballitic missile with Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry Vehicle (MIRV) technology. The test was carried out by Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and soon after it Prime Minsiter Narendra Modi congratulated the scientists for “Mission Divyastra”, the name given to the first flight test of MIRV technology.

“Proud of our DRDO scientists for Mission Divyastra, the first flight test of indigenously developed Agni-5 missile with Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry Vehicle (MIRV) technology,” the Prime Minister posted on X.

Proud of our DRDO scientists for Mission Divyastra, the first flight test of indigenously developed Agni-5 missile with Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry Vehicle (MIRV) technology.

— Narendra Modi (@narendramodi) March 11, 2024

Government sources said that the “project director of is Mission Divyastra a woman scientist and the entire programme has significant women contribution”.

“With the test of Mission Divyastra, India has joined the select group of nations who have MIRV capability. This system is equipped with indigenous Avionics systems and high accuracy sensor packages, which ensured that the re-entry vehicles reached the target points within the desired accuracy. The capability is an enunciator of India’s growing technological prowess.” sources added.

Agni-5 is India’s latest land based nuclear capable intercontinental ballistic missile and with MIVR capabilty one missile can be used hit multiple targets.

With a range of more than 5,00 km, Agni-5 has been developed primarily to counter the nuclear threat from China. India’s northen neighbour has several hundred ICBMs in its arsenal with most of them having a range of over 10,000 kms.

India successfully completes flight-test of new-generation AKASH missile

January 12, 2024, 2:12 pm

According to officials, India successfully tested the new generation AKASH missile in flight on Friday off the coast of Odisha from the Integrated Test Range (ITR), Chandipur. DRDO carried out the flight test at very low altitude against a fast-moving unmanned aerial target. They claimed that the weapon system successfully intercepted and destroyed the target during the flight test.

“It has validated the functioning of the complete weapon system consisting of the missile with indigenously developed Radio Frequency Seeker, Launcher, Multi-Function Radar and Command, Control & Communication system”, the officials said.

DRDO introduces indigenous assault rifle ‘Ugram’ for armed forces

January 9, 2024, 6:11 pm

The “Ugram” assault rifle is an indigenous weapon developed by the Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO) to fulfill the needs of state police, paramilitary, and armed forces. The rifle’s 7.62 x 51 mm calibre was created, developed, and produced in partnership with a private industry partner. At the Pune Armament and Combat Engineering Systems of the DRDO, the rifle’s first working prototype was unveiled. It weighs less than four kg and has an effective range of 500 meters.

The statement further stated that Barrel Manufacturing Facilities for Small Arms is established at Armament Research & Development Establishment (ARDE), a premier laboratory of DRDO, was inaugurated and dedicated to the nation by Dr. S V Gade, Director General (Armament & Combat Engineering Cluster) in the presence of A Raju, Director (ARDE) and other senior scientists of the lab.
The facility is a state-of-the-art setup for manufacturing small arms barrels which are aligned with the project objective to become a nodal centre for barrel manufacturing in the country and to extend the facilities to the private firms.

Uttarkashi tunnel collapse: Vertical drilling underway to rescue trapped workers

November 26, 2023, 1:42 pm

On Sunday afternoon, vertical drilling, one of the several planned methods to free the 41 laborers imprisoned in Uttarkashi’s Silkyara tunnel since November 12, finally began. A section of the high-altitude, under-construction tunnel caved in on November 12, but two locations were selected for the vertical drilling. Both are on the Silkyara side. The 15th day of ongoing rescue operations has seen the start of vertical drilling work on the top of the tunnel atop the hill by SJVN, a public sector undertaking company engaged in the generation and transmission of hydroelectric power.

As a second option, vertical drilling work has also been started in another part on top of the tunnel to create rescue space for workers trapped. This portion of the tunnel has access to electricity and water.

The rescue operations are being handled by several agencies. The Indian Air Force recently participated as well, flying vital DRDO equipment to Dehradun. The endoscopy camera was successfully inserted into the tunnel by the rescuers on Tuesday. The initial images obtained by that apparatus demonstrated that the confined laborers had sufficient room within the tunnel to maneuver.

The visuals gave new hope to worried relatives, some of whom were camping outside the site of the collapsed tunnel structure.
Meanwhile, International tunnelling expert Arnold Dix who has roped in the rescue project said on Sunday that there was no chance of a collapse in the area where the incident happened suggesting to investigation into the matter.

Modi government sets up high power committee to review, redefine DRDO

August 23, 2023, 1:39 pm

To overhaul the Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), Defence Minister Rajnath Singh has formed a nine-member expert committee led by Prof K Vijay Raghavan to review and redefine the department’s role and submit a report within three months, as directed by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.

Prof. Vijay Raghavan is a former Principal Scientific Advisor to the Government of India and a key architect of the National Research Foundation (NRF). Other members of the DRDO review committee include: Lt Gen (Retd) Subrata Saha, former Deputy Chief of Army Staff, Vice Admiral S N Ghormade, former Vice Chief of Navy Staff, Air Marshal B R Krishna, former Chief of Integrated Staff, Sujan R Chinoy, DG of MP-IDSA, Prof Manindra Agarwal of IIT Kanpur, S.P. Shukla, President SIDM, J D Patil of Larsen and Tou

The Modi government’s decision to review the functioning of the DRDO and the entire defense research and production eco-system was a much-anticipated development, as the Prime Minister himself was concerned about the lack of accountability and delayed research in the organization that typically functions as a government PSU and views the entire defense process from research to development to production as its own fiefdom.

Rather than supporting the private sector and assisting in the best procurement of hardware platforms for the Indian Armed Forces, the DRDO has frequently acted as a barrier in defence acquisitions in the name of indigenization and developing the very product that was being imported.

‘Agni Prime’ ballistic missile successfully flight-tested by DRDO off Odisha coast

June 8, 2023, 1:12 pm

According to a DRDO statement on Thursday, the maiden pre-induction night launch of Agni Prime, a next generation ballistic missile, was successfully completed on Wednesday at around 7:30 pm from Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Island off the coast of Odisha.All objectives were successfully shown during the flight test, according to the official statement. After three successful missile development tests, the users launched their first pre-induction night launch, proving the system’s precision and dependability.

“First Pre Induction night launch of New Generation Ballistic Missile Agni Prime was successfully conducted off the coast of Odisha on 07 June 2023,” tweeted DRDO.
Range instrumentation like Radar, Telemetry and Electro-Optical Tracking Systems were deployed at different locations, including two down-range ships, at the terminal point to capture flight data covering the entire trajectory of the vehicle, the statement said.
Senior officials from DRDO and Strategic Forces Command witnessed the successful flight test, which paved the way for the induction of the system into the Armed Forces.

Rajnath Singh, the minister of defence, commended DRDO and the armed forces on the New Generation Ballistic Missile Agni Prime’s success and flawless performance.
Dr. Samir V. Kamat, Secretary Department of Defence R&D & Chairman DRDO, expressed appreciation for the efforts made by the DRDO laboratory personnel and the test launch participants.

DRDO holds interaction with defence startups

May 28, 2023, 4:12 pm

The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) organized a day-long industry interaction and brainstorming session at the Research Centre Imarat in Hyderabad.

This event, which took place on Saturday, aimed to bring together various defence industries, including MSMEs and start-ups, on a single platform. Its purpose was to understand their concerns while increasing awareness of DRDO’s industry-friendly initiatives and policies.

According to an official release on Sunday, more than 180 industries participated in the event. The open brainstorming session, called ‘Chintan,’ was chaired by Samir V. Kamat, the Secretary of the Department of Defence R&D and Chairman of DRDO.

During the session, Kamat assured the industry that DRDO would provide full support and act as a mentor to enhance their capabilities, thereby contributing to India’s status as a net defence exporter.

The DRDO Chairman emphasized the importance of conducting such initiatives regularly, as they provide renewed motivation to boost the Indian defence manufacturing sector and achieve complete self-reliance.

The event marked the beginning of Aatmachintan and Manthan, fostering open brainstorming sessions and offering industries an opportunity to express their challenges, expectations, and support requirements in the current scenario.

Discussions were held to establish a redefined framework that would align with the vision of promoting ease of doing business and facilitating the industry’s growth.

Freelance Journalist, Ex-Navy Commander arrested by CBI for spying on DRDO

May 17, 2023, 3:37 pm

On Wednesday, freelance journalist Vivek Raghuvanshi and former Navy Commander Ashish Pathak were arrested by the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) for allegedly sharing sensitive information about the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and the army with foreign intelligence agencies. This action followed the filing of an FIR against Raghuvanshi the previous day. As part of the investigation, the CBI conducted searches at 12 locations in Jaipur and the National Capital Region (NCR) associated with Raghuvanshi and his acquaintances.

During the searches, several sensitive documents were seized and sent for legal review. The CBI has launched an extensive investigation to uncover more information about Raghuvanshi’s connections within India and abroad.

According to the CBI, Raghuvanshi was collecting sensitive information and intricate details regarding the progress of various DRDO projects. Additionally, he allegedly gathered information about future procurement plans of the Indian armed forces, which could potentially jeopardize the country’s strategic preparedness.

The CBI also stated that Raghuvanshi had accessed classified communication information pertaining to national security, as well as details regarding India’s strategic and diplomatic discussions with friendly nations.

DRDO official arrested for alleged spy connections

February 26, 2023, 3:22 pm

According to Balasore SP Sagarika Natha, a DRDO officer was detained on suspicion of sharing top-secret defence secrets with a Pakistani woman spy has been remanded to police detention for four days.

The arrested officer DRDO has been identified as Balaram Dey. The Balasore police reportedly requested a five-day remand at Balasore court for additional incident investigation. Nonetheless, the Court allowed for four-day remand.

SP Natha made the following statement regarding the investigation: “After interviewing the detained officer, more information is expected to be discovered. The Integrated Test Range (ITR) officer Balaram Dey was recently detained, and the Balasore police are doing everything they can to gather information on his financial dealings and assets “.

India successfully tests a new generation of ballistic missiles, ‘Agni Prime’

October 21, 2022, 3:34 pm

India successfully tested a new generation “Agni Prime” ballistic missile on Friday, according to the Centre. The defence officials stated that the missile was tested at around 9:45 am off the coast of Odisha.

The missile reportedly covered its full range, and all test goals were achieved, according to the officials. Reportedly, they claimed that the precision and reliability of the system had been proven with this third consecutively successful flight test of the Agni Prime missile.

They further added that the “performance of the system was validated using the data obtained by a number of range instrumentation, such as radar, telemetry, and electro-optical tracking systems.”

“The systems were deployed at different locations, including two down-range ships at the terminal point to cover the entire trajectory,” they said.

India fired the Agni Prime missile earlier in 2021 from the APJ Abdul Kalam island off the coast of Odisha. The missile has a dual redundant navigation and guidance system and is a two-stage canisterized solid-propellant ballistic missile, according to DRDO.

Prime Minister Modi to launch Defence Space Mission with 75 novel challenges

October 18, 2022, 5:48 pm

When he opens the DefExpo 22 in Gandhinagar, Gujarat, on Wednesday, Prime Minister Narendra Modi will also be launching the Defence Space Mission, the next generation of the nation’s attack and defence.

To increase the nation’s space-related defence readiness in accordance with the 1967 Outer Space Treaty, 75 challenges have been curated as part of India’s celebration of Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav to recognise the country’s 75th year of independence. The moment PM Modi hits the button in Gandhinagar, the challenges will spring to life on the Defence Ministry website.

Launch systems, satellite systems, communication and payload systems, ground systems, and software systems make up the five technical categories into which the government has categorised the problems.

The Defence Space Mission is being set up with numerous dual use technologies to give a boost to the budding space sector in India as the realm of battle expands beyond land, air, and sea. According to information obtained, this timely government support might position India as a front-runner in the second space era, which is defined by a rapid privatisation of space.

Space-based technologies like NavIC, remote sensing, and space-based internet are crucial to India’s development. The Space Defence Mission will advance space-based technology with both military and commercial uses.

The Department of Defence Production has divided the proposed 75 challenges into a number of projects, with some 35 of them available to more than 50 identified start-ups, 20 under Make 1 with partial government backing, and the remaining 20 under substantial government sponsorship.

While the DRDO has in theory promised to support the companies by giving them access to facilities and technical consulting, the ISRO has also pledged to support the mission by providing technical support, purchasing, and introducing dual use technologies when they are commercialised.

The list of challenges to be launched has been finalised based on inputs, and it is understood that the ownership, Minimum Order Quantity (MOQ), and estimated development budget of each challenge were determined by the end users, such as the Indian Army, Indian Air Force, and Indian Navy.

There have been numerous discussions between all parties involved and the secretary of defence and the additional secretary for defence production. Rajnath Singh, the minister of defence, has also assessed how the mission is going.