Measles, a contagious viral infection, has been making a resurgence in the United States, posing a significant public health threat. Once considered nearly eradicated due to successful vaccination campaigns, the disease is now seeing an uptick in cases, particularly among adults. In this article, we will explore the factors contributing to the rise of measles, its symptoms, and why adults need to be especially vigilant about recognizing its signs.
The Resurgence of Measles in the United States
Measles was declared eliminated in the U.S. in 2000, thanks to widespread vaccination efforts. However, in recent years, the number of measles cases has been steadily increasing. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), there were over 1,200 reported cases of measles in 2019, the highest number since 1992. This alarming increase has been attributed to a decline in vaccination rates, largely fueled by misinformation surrounding vaccines and a growing reluctance among certain populations to vaccinate their children.
In addition to vaccine hesitancy, there are other factors contributing to the rise of measles cases. Global travel has made it easier for the virus to spread across borders, and outbreaks in other countries can lead to imported cases in the U.S. Moreover, communities with lower vaccination coverage are particularly vulnerable, as the virus can easily spread in areas where immunity levels are not high enough to provide herd immunity.
Measles in Adults: Why Are Adults Affected?
While measles primarily affects children, adults are not immune to the disease. In fact, adults who have not been vaccinated or who have not had the disease in the past are at risk of contracting measles. The CDC recommends that all adults born after 1957 who are not immune to measles get vaccinated, especially if they plan to travel internationally or work in healthcare settings.
In the past, most adults who contracted measles had either been vaccinated in childhood or had developed immunity by having the disease. However, with a decline in vaccination rates in recent years, more adults are now vulnerable. Additionally, certain groups of adults are at higher risk of contracting measles. These include those who:
- Were born after 1957 but did not receive the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine
- Were born in the era before widespread vaccination (before 1963)
- Have weakened immune systems due to conditions like HIV, cancer, or certain medications
- Live in communities with low vaccination rates or participate in high-risk activities like international travel
Symptoms of Measles in Adults: What to Look Out For
Measles in adults presents many of the same symptoms as in children, but adults may experience more severe complications. The symptoms generally appear about 10 to 12 days after exposure to the virus and can last up to two to three weeks. It’s important for adults to recognize the symptoms early so they can seek medical attention and avoid spreading the virus to others.
Here are the primary symptoms of measles to watch for in adults:
1. High Fever
One of the earliest signs of measles is a high fever, which typically starts about 10 to 12 days after exposure to the virus. The fever often begins moderately but increases over a few days, sometimes reaching up to 104°F (40°C). This fever is usually persistent and can last for several days, often occurring alongside other symptoms like fatigue and body aches. The fever is a sign that the body is trying to fight off the viral infection.
2. Cough, Runny Nose, and Sore Throat
Measles often begins with cold-like symptoms, including a dry cough, a runny nose, and a sore throat. These symptoms can resemble the flu or a common cold, making it easy to mistake measles for another respiratory illness. However, the presence of a high fever and the other classic symptoms of measles should raise suspicion that it may be measles.
3. Red, Watery Eyes (Conjunctivitis)
Conjunctivitis, or inflammation of the eyes, is another hallmark symptom of measles. Adults with measles often develop red, watery eyes that may be sensitive to light (photophobia). This symptom is often accompanied by a feeling of irritation or discomfort in the eyes. Conjunctivitis is a distinguishing symptom that sets measles apart from other respiratory infections, like the flu or a cold.
4. Koplik Spots
Koplik spots are small, white or bluish-white spots that appear inside the mouth, usually on the inner lining of the cheeks. These spots are a classic sign of measles, although they are often missed because they appear before the rash develops and may not be noticed by those who are not looking for them. Koplik spots are typically seen about two to three days before the measles rash appears.
5. Measles Rash
The most recognizable symptom of measles is the distinctive rash that usually appears about three to five days after the fever begins. The rash typically starts at the hairline, spreads down the face, and then moves down the body to the arms, torso, and legs. The rash consists of red, blotchy spots that can merge together, forming larger patches. The rash can be itchy and uncomfortable, but it is important for adults to avoid scratching, as this can lead to secondary bacterial infections.
6. Fatigue and Body Aches
Adults with measles often experience significant fatigue and body aches. These symptoms may start before the rash develops and can be severe, making it difficult for affected individuals to carry out their daily activities. The fatigue may persist for several weeks after the rash fades, leaving individuals feeling weak and lethargic.
Complications of Measles in Adults
While most adults who contract measles will recover with appropriate care, the disease can lead to serious complications, especially for those who have weakened immune systems or other underlying health conditions. Some of the potential complications of measles include:
1. Pneumonia
Pneumonia is one of the most common complications of measles, and it can be particularly dangerous for adults. The infection can cause inflammation and fluid buildup in the lungs, making it difficult to breathe and leading to a higher risk of respiratory failure. Pneumonia is a leading cause of death in measles cases, particularly among adults and individuals with weakened immune systems.
2. Encephalitis
Encephalitis, or inflammation of the brain, is a rare but serious complication of measles. It can cause symptoms such as confusion, seizures, and loss of consciousness. In severe cases, encephalitis can lead to permanent brain damage or death. Encephalitis is more likely to occur in young children, but adults can also be affected, particularly if they have an underlying health condition.
3. Ear Infections
Measles can also lead to ear infections, which can result in hearing loss if left untreated. Ear infections are more common in children with measles, but adults can also develop them. It is important to seek medical attention if ear pain or hearing loss occurs during a measles infection.
4. Pregnancy Complications
Pregnant women who contract measles are at higher risk of complications, including premature birth, low birth weight, and miscarriage. Measles during pregnancy can also affect the health of the baby, increasing the likelihood of birth defects or developmental issues.
5. Dehydration
Measles can cause a loss of appetite, vomiting, and diarrhea, which can lead to dehydration. Adults, especially those who are already in poor health or elderly, are at a higher risk of dehydration, which can complicate recovery.
Prevention of Measles
The best way to protect yourself from measles is through vaccination. The MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine is safe and highly effective at preventing measles. Adults who were not vaccinated as children or who are unsure of their vaccination status should talk to their healthcare provider about getting the MMR vaccine. For those who have already had measles, vaccination is not necessary, as they are likely to have lifelong immunity.
In addition to vaccination, practicing good hygiene, such as frequent handwashing and avoiding close contact with infected individuals, can help prevent the spread of measles. If you suspect that you or someone else may have measles, it is important to stay home from work or school and avoid contact with others until you are no longer contagious.
Measles may have been nearly eliminated in the U.S. a decade ago, but with the recent rise in cases, it’s important for adults to be aware of the symptoms and risks associated with this once-feared disease. Early detection and vaccination remain the most effective ways to combat the spread of measles and protect public health. By recognizing the symptoms of measles, seeking prompt medical attention, and ensuring that you are up-to-date on your vaccinations, you can help prevent the resurgence of this dangerous disease in the future.